ARISTOTLE AS A BIOLOGIST 29 



and intelligence are not successive, but separate and 

 diyrging, outgrowths. 



,/In our recent science the Aristotelian doctrine is not 

 dead. For but little changed, though dressed in new 

 garments, this Aristotelian entelechy, 1 which so fascinated 

 Leibnitz, 2 enters into the Vitalism of Hans Driesch ; and 

 of those who believe with him, that far as physical laws 

 may carry us, they do not take us to the end : that the 

 limitations of induction forbid us to pass in thought and 

 argument from chemistry to consciousness, or (as Spencer 

 well knew) from Matter to Mind ; 3 that Life is not merely 

 ' an outstanding difficulty, but a veritable exception to 

 the universal applicability of mechanical laws ' ; that not 

 to be comprehended under the category of physical cause, 

 but to be reckoned with apart, is the fundamental con- 

 ception underlying Life and its Teleology. 4 



It is easy so to sketch in simple words the influence of 

 Aristotle's biological studies upon his method of work, 

 or to see in his Psychology and his Ethics the results of 

 his biological analysis of the soul. But his natural science 

 seems to send a still deeper influence running through the 

 whole of his philosophy, for better or for worse, which 



H ioriv 



* Cf. Jacoby, De Leibnitii studiis Aristotelicis, Berlin, 1867. 



/ * Cf. Spencer, Princ. of Psychology (para. 63) : ' Though of the two it 

 ' seems easier to translate so-called Matter into so-called Spirit, than to 

 / translate so-called Spirit into so-called Matter (which latter is indeed 

 wholly impossible) ; yet no translation can carry us beyond our 

 / symbols. Such vague conceptions as loom before us are illusions con- 

 i jured up by the wrong connotations of our words.' 



* Cf. Kant's views in the Kritik der Urteilskraft and elsewhere, on the 

 teleological aspect of living organisms, with (for instance) Schleiden 

 in the Preface to his Grundziige der Botanik (1860) : ' . . . durch die 

 Darwinsche Lehre die Teleologie aus der Naturwissenschaft voll- 

 standig heraus, und in die erbauliche oder poetische Rede, wo sie 

 hingehort, verwiesen wurde 1 ' Cf. also Professor Sidgwick's remarks 

 on Spencer's ' avoidance of teleological explanation ', in the Ethics 

 of T. H. Green, &c., p. 141. 



