TIMBER VALUATION 21 



in the discussion of the spruce type. There are, however, a series 

 of special problems in the determination of the diameter limits 

 to be used in estimating. Each species has its own peculiar uses 

 and hence there is wide variation in the part of the tree which is 

 merchantable. 



The principal" uses of the species found in the hardwood type 

 are as follows: 



White pine — doors, sash, finishing lumber, and boxboards. 



Hemlock — dimension lumber, rough finish; pulp and box- 

 boards. 



Spruce — dimension lumber and pulp. 



Balsam — pulp. 



Paper birch — shoe pegs, toothpicks, spools and bobbins. 



Yellow birch — flooring, spKXjls, bobbins and interior finish. 



Black birch — flooring, spools, bobbins and interior finish. 



Beech — flooring, spools, bobbins and interior finish. 



Chestnut — rough finish, caskets, poles, railway ties.' 



Red oak — furniture, car stock, and railway ties. 



White oak — furniture, car stock, and railway ties. 



Hard maple — flooring, bobbins, spools, furniture, and shoe 

 lasts. 



Soft maple — flooring and bobbins. 



Basswood — boxes, trunks, furniture backing ana novelties. 



White ash — handles and sporting goods. 



Th^ uses and diameter limits for spruce and balsam have 

 already been discussed. White pine and hemlock are also sal- 

 able for pulp so that the same minimum diameters hold altho 

 these sp>ecies usually find a better market if sawn into boxboards 

 or square-edged lumber. If they are to be sold in the latter form 

 a minimum diameter of ten inches breast-high and a top diameter 

 of five inches, will include all the merchantable timber. Barring 

 certain ^special uses the hardwoods may be grouped into two 

 classes, tfiose manufactured into boards and those sold by cubic 

 measure. Into the first class fall the maple, birch and beech 

 which go into flooring and finishing lumber while the second class 

 includes paper birch to be used for toothpicks and shoe pegs, 



