SALE VALUES 173 



Ordinary sawn shingles utilize the same parts of a tree that 

 lumber does. The only difference is that a higher per cent is 

 manufactured than with square edge lumber because there is 

 less waste in slabs and edgings. Shingles sell for $25 to $35 per 

 M board feet, log scale. 



Laths furnish the only outlet for the sale of the slabs and edg- 

 ings in the ordinary sawmill and even they cannot be manu- 

 factured at a profit where there is a long freight haul to market. 

 Reduced to board feet laths sell for about $20 per M (1920). 



So far only that 30 to 50 per cent of the soUd cubic contents of 

 the tree has been considered which is in the bole. 



Little attention need be paid the stump because it is only rarely 

 merchantable and then at a low figure. This does not, however, 

 apply in the case of the limbs which may be made to yield much 

 valuable pulpwood, extract wood or firewood. All tree species 

 may be cut for the latter purpose but there is a wide difference in 

 their fuel value. A cord of pine will not give more than half the 

 heat that a cord of hickory will. Distance to market is the con- 

 trolling factor, however, since cordwood is bulky, heavy material 

 which is not valuable enough to repay shipping far. In the 

 ordinary logging job it must be left in the woods. But where the 

 haul is not too great the cordwood may add $1 to $5 to the profit 

 on each thousand feet of lumber. 



Similar returns may be expected from pulpwood, extract wood 

 and wood alcohol in favorable localities. Yellow poplar is the 

 most commonly used limb wood for the former while chestnut is 

 the only species widely used for extract wood. Beech, birch and 

 maple are most sought in the manufacture of wood alcohol. 



Poles are one of the few uses which utilize a high per cent of the 

 tree. Li addition to all that could be turned into lumber much 

 that would otherwise be only fit for cordwood is taken. Unfor- 

 tunately, relatively few species have sufficient durability in con- 

 tact with the ground to be suitable for this purpose. Hence, 

 90 per cent of aU poles used in the United States are either cedar, 

 chestnut or oak. 



Railway ties also make use of parts of the tree that are ordi- 

 narily considered too coarse for lumber so that the utilization is 



