THE FOREIGNER. 181 



the whole being valued at i6s. 6d. a week. In Berwickshire 

 the married ploughman is usually provided with a house, valued 

 at from 4 to 6 a year. A common practice is to allow a plough- 

 man so many yards of potatoes in the drill, the maximum being 

 1,800 yds., though often 1,600, 1,200 or 800 yds. are all that 

 are given. Sometimes instead of supplying potatoes in the drill 

 an allowance is made of one or two tons of dressed or undressed 

 potatoes. It is fairly common to allow him the keep of a cow, 

 which is generally owned by the worker but sometimes by the 

 employer. It is not usual for the employer to provide coal 

 or firewood, but the cartage of these articles, and also of the man's 

 flitting when he changes his employment, is done by the employer. 

 Compare this with the agreement made in Sweden after the long 

 dispute between the employers and workers in Agriculture, 

 which was only settled in 1919. The worker gets rather less 

 than i a week in wages, but in addition he receives 600 kilos 

 of rye, 250 kilos of wheat, 400 kilos of barley or meslin, 50 

 kilos of peas, as well as 4 litres of skim milk, or 3 litres full milk 

 and 2 litres skim milk a day. He also gets about a third of an 

 acre of well-manured and tilled ground for potatoes, a cottage, 

 with outhouse and kitchen garden, fuel, free straw or moss litter ; 

 free doctor and medicine for at least three months of the year, 

 and free hospital attendance both for himself and his family. It 

 is not possible to estimate the value of these allowances in sterling 

 cash, but judging from the amount of the cash received it seems 

 probable that they are equal in value to his wages. While, 

 therefore, the English labourer receives only about 8 per cent, 

 of his wages in allowances, the Wigtownshire ploughman receives 

 about 33 per cent., and the Swedish labourer perhaps 50 per 

 cent. The latter appears to belong to the class known in Ger- 

 many as Landinsten, a class of small holders, who work for 

 wages. In Schleswig-Holstein, before the war, the typical 

 income of such a worker was cash wages, 340 marks or 17, and 

 allowances valued at 567 marks or 28 75., a total of 907 

 marks or 45 75., which he added to by selling the produce of 

 his own labour on his holding. In this case the allowances 

 amounted to nearly 63 per cent, of the total income. The influence 

 of economic development is clearly shown in these instances, 

 which might be increased, and it is noteworthy that the result 

 of the rise in wages that has taken place since 1914 has in every 

 country affected the cash wage chiefly and the value of the 

 allowances very little. 



Every enquiry which is made into the conditions of agricul- 

 tural workers comments on the fact that so long as the labourer 

 is boarded and lodged, so long that is, as he, or she, is treated 

 as part of the family, which is another way of describing 

 the conditions of status as denned by Sir Henry Maine, the 



