SUMMARY OF ANTHOPHYTA 315 



(k) In examining the flowers of the Parsnip (Pastinaca), 

 note first the umbellate inflorescence, and then dissect out a 

 little flower, noting especially the very small vestiges of sepals. 

 8tudy the matured fruit noting that it splits vertically into 

 two halves. The Carrot (Daucus) or Cow Parsnip (Heracleum) 

 may be substituted for the Parsnip. 



(l) Make dissections of the flowers of the Honeysuckle 

 (Lonicera), Snowberry (Symphoricarpos) or Elder (Sambucus) 

 and note the few-celled, few-seeded, inferior ovary, very small 

 sepals, and the somewhat zygomorphic (regular in Sambucus) 

 corolla of united petals, upon which are borne the few stamens. 



(m) Make a macrosco])ic examination of a Sunflower head 

 (Helianthus), noting the involucre of green bracts on the back, 

 the marginal row of ligulate flowers (''rays"), and the central 

 mass ("disk") of tubular flowers. Dissect out and examine 

 carefully an individual flower of each kind, noting particularly 

 the calyx (''pappus"), and inferior, bicarpellary, one-seeded 

 pistil. Dissect a mature achene ("seed"). Rudbeckia or 

 Coreopsis maj^ be substituted for Helianthus. 



(n) Study the flower-head of the Dandelion (Taraxacum 

 or Leontodon), comparing it with that of the Sunflower. Note 

 the following points of difference: the development of the cor- 

 ollas of all flowers into ligules, fertility of all flowers, develop- 

 ment of calyx (pappus) as a whorl of numerous fine bristles, 

 and absence of bracts subtending each flower. Examine a 

 fruiting head. Note the presence of latex in the plant. Wild 

 or cultivated Lettuce (Lactuca) may be substituted for the 

 Dandelion. 



Summary of Anthophyta 



578. Looking ])ack over the Flowering Plants it is 

 seen that their simpler forms are like those of Buttercups 

 and their near relatives, and that from this primitive 

 type there have arisen three diverging phyletic groups. 

 One of these (the Monocotyledons) begins with the 

 Water Plantains, and culminates in the Orchids: another 

 (the Axis Flowers) begins with the Buttercups and 

 passing through various intermediate^ forms culminates in 



