WHIPS 151 



conquered, for it will be remembered diat they 

 were strict disciplinarians. 



(£■) From an illuminated psalter, copied in the 

 eleventh century, we gather that whips with two 

 lashes were used in England at that period. In 

 the fourteenth century the carter used a whip with 

 three lashes. 



{A) Prints of the fifteenth century show whips 

 having only one lash. 



(z) Postillions were employed in the eighteenth 

 century and previous to that period, and conse- 

 quently noblemen and gentlemen living in those 

 times paid very little attention to driving whips, 

 because they rarely drove themselves. 



(y) In the eighteenth century whips were bent 

 at the top, and became more shapely. The best 

 cutting whip-handles were made of " shagreen." 



(k) Whips of the present day far surpass those 

 which have been mentioned by historians, and 

 they are not designed to permanently injure either 

 a human being or an animal. The Russian 

 " knout," also bullock-whip and stock-whips, are 

 not merciful correctors, but the Russian " knout " 

 was not designed in the nineteenth century. 



A curious whip in the Elsenham collection is 

 the packman's. This is a specimen of the whip 

 used by packmen and carriers in the latter half of 

 the eighteenth century. The metal head un- 

 screws to reveal within the thick part of the stock 

 a receptacle for pen and ink and spare horse- 

 nails. 



There is no great difference, save in superior 

 workmanship, between the carriage-whip of 1790 



