672 



THE HORSE 



road as long as they are sharp, but in a few days the points wear down and 

 the shoe must be removed. In slight frosts a few of the nails may be 

 punched out, and " frost- aaOs," "svith large heads, may be driven in their 

 places ; but these are of no use for any distance, as their heads soon wear 

 down. To avoid the necessity for this removal of the shoe at the commence- 

 ment and during the course of every frost, several plans have been invented, 

 but none of them answer the purpose, except that introduced to general 

 notice by !N[r. White, in his Farriery, sixty years ago. 



Alterations and improvements in the way of frost cogs have been made 



Fig. 131.— White's Plo.- of Roughtsg Shoes. 



Hole drilled in each heel, and tapped to receive 

 a sh^rp.eiied calking or cog, shown full size. 

 Heel with calking screwed in, ready for use. 



e. Calking shown separately. 

 d. Side view of concave-seated fore-shoe, with 

 calkings screwed in (reducol size). 



by Dr. Fleming, Mr. Hunting, Mr Rogers and others, but they are all 

 modifications of "White's plan 



I have used it for many years, and can speak from experience as to its 

 great utility and extreme simplicity. The plan is as follows : — 



A hole is drilled in each heel, and tapped to receive the screw at the base of 

 a calking (see Fig. 1.31). This is all that is necessary to be done at the time 

 of shoeing, as the cogs may be made in large numbers, and can be kept at 

 home till they are wanted, when they may be fixed to the shoe in five 

 minutes on the appearance of a frost, and even if the horses are from home, 

 by merely carrying the necessary tool, which is simply a spanner made to 

 fit them (see Fig. 132, e). I have always been charged 4^. per shoe extra for 

 thia punching of the heels and tapping, and finding the taps myself, which 

 it Ib better to procure, together with the calkings, from an engineer, the 



