TEACHING TRK.'M*. 155 



li they are given in a manner so that the lior^e can 

 fulh' comprehend it was complying with your wish, it 

 will be a great help to you in fixing the impression 

 upon his brain; but if it is not given in the right manner 

 the reward will be worse than none at all. After he has 

 the idea pretty well learned to stop wlien the whip is 

 raised, you should raise the Avhip and give him a slight 

 stroke around the neck and immediately raise the whip 

 ^gaiu. In a short time he will understand that when the 

 whip goes up, that means punishment unless he stops 

 quickly. In this way you reduce the power of the '"pull 

 with the lines"' directly to the signal of raising the whip. 



On the same principle you fmally teach the signals 

 of turning by giving him a pretty smart tap on the h)\ver 

 part of the shoulder and immediately place the point 

 -of the whip three or four feet in that direction. Sliould 

 he attempt to jump and go ahead too much, you can 

 hold him in check with the action and signal to stop 

 him. You should now have a good whip aljout seven 

 or seven and a half feet long. Eight at this stage you 

 will find that it will require skillful manipulatioii of 

 the whip, so there will be no mistake made on the part 

 •of the trainer. You cannot have a horse reliably trained 

 in this way, in excitement and under all circumstances, 

 without some reserve power with the whip. After he 

 has been driven for awhile, and obeys the foregoing 

 signals well, you may then teach him to back at signals. 

 The position of whip for this signal should point back 

 over your shoulder at an angle of about forty-five 

 des'rees. 



