METHODS OF APPLYING WATER. 189 



old one furrow on each side of the row will do, for 

 two years old two furrows, and so on. 



In many places the outlet from the underground 

 head flume is through a series of stand-pipes. An im- 

 proved measuring penstock consists of a four-inch iron 

 stand-pipe resting on a six-inch vitrified service-pipe. 

 At the summit of this measuring stand-pipe is a sliding 

 gate on which is a scale so arranged that the amount 

 of water flowing through it can be measured by sim- 

 ply reading the scale. A valve inside the stand-pipe is 

 operated by a screw attachment and admits the proper 

 amount of water, while it can be locked by a simple 

 device. Outside the stand-pipe is a pressure-gauge 

 which shows the head of water on a measuring slot 

 with a glass face. This contrivance is used in meas- 

 uring the patron's apportionment of water, and in this 

 fa6t alone does it possess any advantage over the sim- 

 ple opening in the head flume for the escape of water. 



The Basin System. — This method consists in 

 making a small basin around trees, filling it two, three 

 or more times with water as fast as it soaks away. 

 These basins vary in size according to the amount of 

 water one has. Where the supply is small they are 

 often not more than two feet across, and even smaller 

 for young trees. Where there is more water, many 

 make them 10, 12, and even 15 feet across. Some 

 make them square, others round, while others make 

 them oval or redlangular. The plan is well shown up 

 in Fig. 55. 



In many cases the formation of these basins is very 

 stupid. That trees treated in this way do anything, 

 only proves that they would do better in other ways. 



