CHAPTER XVII. 

 WINDMILLS AND PUMPS. 



1^ EViCES almost innumerable are being tested 

 ~i and employed for placing water on land, 

 ^M where canals cannot be utilized or are inade- 

 quate. Wind and water power are of course 

 the cheapest forces for this purpose, where they can 

 be relied upon. Hence the marked improvement in 

 windmills and water-wheels. 



Pumping water for irrigation has now become so 

 common that the demand for the various kinds of 

 pumps during the past few years has increased very 

 materially. About ten years ago it was almost impos- 

 sible to purchase a really serviceable pump for irriga- 

 tion purposes. Such as were then found in the market 

 were designed for water- works plants. Of these per- 

 haps the most efficient was the Holly system. These 

 installations were strong, durable, and costly, and 

 could raise water to the hight of 300 feet with appar- 

 ent ease ; but for every 1,000 gallons pumped the cost 

 was from two to four cents, and if used to irrigate the 

 soil the cost would be from $10 to $24 an acre annu- 

 ally. It is needless to add that machinery of this 

 charadler is entirely out of place in the arid region. 



The first outlay has to be small, hence western 

 irrigators and those who design the machinery for the 

 west have been studying how they can raise a given 

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