SEKPAGK AND DRAINAGE- 447 



pose of reclaiming new sedlions of arid land, and in 

 this way the water serves a twofold mission. One 

 peculiarity about these canals is their constancy of 

 flow, which is most marked in midsummer, at a time 

 when many of the original canals are at low ebb. 



Tiling. — Another good method of drainage is by 

 the use of tiling. This may be large or small, propor- 

 tionate to the nature of the soil and the area to be 

 drained. The price of vitrified sewer pipe, which is 

 best of all for the purpose, varies greatly according to 

 size, and ranges all the way from twenty cents a foot 

 for six-inch tile to $2 a foot for twenty-four-inch pipe. 

 With a grade of from eight to fifteen inches to the 

 mile, the use of tiling is thoroughly practicable, pro- 

 vided, of course, that one wishes to go to the expense 

 of putting in such a system of drainage. However, 

 tile ditches put through very wet places may only im- 

 perfe(5lly drain the surrounding soil. Water has been 

 seen to stand on the surface of the ground with tile 

 buried three feet below — all clear, free, and in good 

 working order. The reason is the water is forced out 

 of the ground by an upward pressure and comes 

 through little seams and veins distributed through the 

 soil, many of them near the tile perhaps. The water 

 may come nearly or quite to the surface before work- 

 ing its way to the tile. The natural remedy whenever 

 available is to give the tile greater pitch so as to create 

 more momentum in the flow and thus attracft outstand- 

 ing water to the pipe, which in this instance should be 

 loose- jointed so as to allow intake at every collar. 



