1 1 2 LESSONS IN CHEMISTRY. 



matter of towns, which, besides night soil and urine, con- 

 tains the sweepings of the streets, and the refuse of sculle- 

 ries. Two plans for this purpose have been introduced. 

 According to the first, it is proposed to collect the sewage in 

 tanks provided with forcing-pumps, to raise the liquid and 

 the matters suspended in it over a "stand-pipe," of peculiar 

 construction, from which, by a series of pipes, it might be 

 conveyed into the country for a considerable distance, and 

 applied to the fields by a hose. Mr. Chadwick, who has 

 zealously advocated this method of applying manure, states, 

 that he has found by experiment, that by means of a 21- 

 inch hose, and a pressure of 80 feet, he could with the labour 

 of two men, one to remove the hose and another to direct 

 the nozzle, distribute 2,000 gallons of liquid sewage in an 

 hour, which from analysis has been found equivalent to 

 3 cwt of guano, and 15 tons of stable dung, and would there- 

 fore be sufficient dressing for an acre of ground, at an expense 

 of 6d. ; while the cost of loading and spreading an equivalent 

 quantity of stable manui^e on land close to the farm was about 

 lis. He estimates the total expense of the delivery of liquid 

 manure, including the interest on the machinery and capital, 

 at 1*. per acre. The hose can be made of strong canvass 

 saturated with coal tar, which protects it from the rot. This 

 method of applying the liquid of our sewers secures the 

 preservation of all the matters of the manure, and must be 

 regarded as preferable to any other plan, where the proper 

 arrangements for the purpose can be obtained. 



161. Within these few years many interesting trials of the 

 value of sewer water, as manure, have been made in England 

 and Scotland, the results of which have been most encouraging. 

 Thus, on the property of the Duke of Portland, at Clipstone 

 Park, a sterile sand has been converted into luxuriant 

 meadow land by being irrigated with the drainage of a 

 small village; and fields which were considered dear at five 

 shillings per acre, rendered worth £11 per acre. In the 

 neighbourhood of Edinburgh the most extraordinary effects 

 have also been produced by the application of the drainage 

 water of the city; "so that," as Mr. Smith of Deanston 

 states, "land which let formerly at from 4 05. to £6 per 

 Scotch acre, is now let annually at from £30 to £40 ; and 

 that from sandy land on the sea-shore which might be worth 

 2*. 6d. per acre, lets at an annual rent of from £15 to £20. 



