The Growth of Canada and Imperial Federation. 569 



supporters, gave a summary of the general increase during the forty- 

 years of his own public life from 1844 to 1884. From the statistics 

 furnished by him we learn that in 1844 the population of British 

 North America, leaving out Newfoundland, was 1,600,000; in 1884 

 we may fairly call it 5,000,000. The progress in education has been 

 equally great. During the past forty years the expenditure has 

 grown from $700,000 to about $9,500,000. The pupils have 

 increased from 174,000 to close upon 1,000,000, and the teachers 

 from 5,800 to nearly 20,000. The increase in the number of steam 

 and sailing vessels during the forty years has been 3,233, or in 

 tonnage 951,829 tons. Canada has 38 tons carrying power to every 

 hundred inhabitants. The United States has 17, Australia 20, 

 Europe 10, Norway 95, the United Kingdom 51. Canada stands 

 third in regard to its population as to the tonnage which it floats on 

 every sea. In close connection with this subject is the lighting of 

 the coasts. We, in our northern latitude of tempestuous seas, must 

 of course take care that our sailors and vessels are protected from 

 shipwreck by an efficient and sufficient system of lighthouses. In 

 1840 Canada as now constituted had 41 lighthouses, while she has 

 now 321, being excelled among the nations by only two, the United 

 Kingdom and the United States. 



" With respect to the trade of 1844, the imports and exports of the 

 Provinces now constituting Canada amounted in the aggregate to 

 $33,500,000. That sounds very large. But in 1883 the aggregate 

 trade was over $230,000,000. According to the last census of the 

 United States the aggregate trade of that country in merchan- 

 dise amounted to about $30 per head of the population. In our 

 last census year the same trade was equal to $47 per head in 

 the Dominion of Canada. Now, as to our exports. During 

 forty years the exports of the products of the mines of Canada 

 have increased 990 per cent., of the forests 196 per cent., of the 

 fisheries 719 per cent., of animals and their products 8,452 per 

 cent., of agriculture 721 per cent., and the export of our manu- 

 factures had increased from $6,220 — that was all we exported 

 of manufactures in 1844 — to $3,500,000. Take one article which 

 will interest the agriculturists of Canada more especially, take the 



