OH. xviil] the evolution OF SOCIETY. 219 



primeval principle of comnmnity of race. From this hiippy 

 concurrence of circumstances tliere was formed, upon the 

 ruins of Paganism, that religious organization which alone, 

 of all churches that have existed, has earned the glorious 

 name of Catholic. Disgusted at some of her high-handed 

 proceedings in later times, Protestant historians hav*". too 

 generally forgotten that the Ptoman Church, by co-ordinating 

 the most vigorous and progressive elements of ancient life, 

 prepared the way both for the ubiquity and for the per- 

 manence of modern civilization. Had the ecclesiastical 

 system of the Empire perished, along with the breaking 

 up of its political system ; had there been really that wreck 

 of ancient institutions in the fifth century which was 

 formerly supposed to have occurred, until Mr. Bryce and 

 Mr. Preeman dispelled the gross error; it is difficult to see 

 how mediaeval European history could have been politically 

 anything more than a repetition of Grecian history, save 

 only in the extent of its geographical range. Whoever is 

 disposed to doubt so emphatic an assertion will do well 

 duly to ponder the fact that the newly-arriving Teutonic 

 subjects of the Empire (who would, in such case, have come 

 as foreign conquerors) had not advanced beyond the stage of 

 tribal organization. On their further aggregation into rural 

 and civic bodies, the autonomous spirit would have acquired 

 an ascendency which it might well have taken another more 

 fortunate Athenian federation, or another all-absorbing 

 Eoman domination, thoroughly to destroy. Even as it was, 

 it reqiured all the immense power of the Church, unflinch- 

 ingly exercised through many generations, to prevent Euro- 

 pean society from disintegrating into a mere collection oi 

 mutually repelling tribal communities. But the Church 

 not only preserved the best social results of Roman dominion, 

 by hastening the consolidation of each embryonic nation- 

 ality ; it also, by its peculiar position as common arbiter 

 between the different states thus arising, assisted iu tha 



