298 COSMIC PHILOSOPHY, [pt. ii 



together of liJce tilings ; reasoning is a grouping together ot 

 like 7'clations among things." ^ In this fundamental doctrine 

 the two different schools of modern psychology, represented 

 respectively by Mr. Bain and Mr. Mansel, will thoroughly 

 agree. But from this it inevitably follows that the highest and 

 the lowest manifestations of intelligence consist respectively 

 of processes which differ only in heterogeneity and definite- 

 ness and in the extent to which they are compounded. 



But while proving that science is but an extension of or- 

 dinary knowledge, it was also proved that the higher orders 

 of knowledge differ from the lower in the greater remoteness, 

 generality, and abstractness of the relations which they for- 

 mulate, in the greater definiteness of their formulas, and in 

 their more complete organization. Our inquiry into the 

 mutual relations of life and intelligence ^ elicited an exactly 

 pirallel set of conclusions. It was there shown that psychical 

 life consists in the continuous establishment of subjective rela- 

 tions answering to objective relations ; and that, as we advance 

 through the animal kingdom from the lowest to the highest 

 forms, this correspondence between the mind and the environ- 

 ment extends to relations which are continually more remote 

 in space and time, more clearly defined, but at the same time 

 more general ; and finally we also traced a progressive orga- 

 nization of correspondences. Continually, while passing in 

 review the various aspects of the progress of intelligence 

 in the animal kingdom, we found ourselves ending with 

 illustrations drawn from that progress of human intelligence 

 which is determined by social conditions. Let us now illus- 

 trate this subject somewhat further by tracing out the intel- 

 lectual correspondence between man and his environment, aa 

 increasing in remoteness, in speciality and generality, in 

 complexity, in definiteness, and in coherent organization. 



^ Spencer's Essays, 1st series, p. 189 ; see above, part L chap, ii ; pan li 

 cbap. XV. 

 ■ See above, pwt ii chap, xiv- 



