CH. XX1.J GENESIS OF MAN, INTELLECTUALLY. 311 



elaborate operative aid, and eacli new operation implies 

 sundry elaborate cognitions." I need only add that, in this 

 as in the other aspects of intellectual progress, the increase 

 in complexity of adjustment achieved during the process of 

 social evolution is far greater tlian that achieved during the 

 immediately preceding stages of the process of organic 

 evolution. Between the ape and the primitive man, with 

 his rude levers and hatchets and his few simple previsions, 

 the difference in complexity of correspondence is obviously 

 less than between the primitive man and the modern, with 

 his steam-hammers and thermo-electric multipliers, and his 

 long list of sciences and sub-sciences, any one of which it 

 would take much more than a lifetime to master in detail. 



We have thus passed in review the various aspects of 

 intellectual progress, regarded as a process of adjustment oi 

 inner to outer relations, and we have seen that in all the 

 most essential features of this progress there is a wider dif- 

 ference between the civilized man and the lowest savage than 

 between the savage and the ape. It appears that those rare 

 and admirable qualities upon which we felicitate ourselves as 

 marks which absolutely distinguish us from brute animals, 

 have been slowly acquired through long ages of social evolu- 

 tion, and are shared only to a quite insignificant extent by 

 the lowest contemporary races of humanity. As long as 

 we regard things statically, as for ever fixed, we may well 

 imagine an impassable gulf between ourselves and all other 

 forms of organic existence. But as soon as we regard things 

 dynamically, as for ever changing, we are taught that the 

 gulf has been for the most part established during an epoch 

 at the very beginning of which we were zoologically the same 

 that we now are. 



The next step in our argument wOl be facilitated by an 

 inquiry into the common characteristic of the various intel- 

 lectual differences between the civilized and the primitive 

 man which we have above enumerated. The nature of this 



