io8 ANDREW J. SHIPMAN MEMORIAL 



did eighteen of the Popes who sat in the chair of Peter at 

 Rome, one of whom wrote or compiled the Mass of the 

 Presanctified as it is used in the Greek Church to-day, 

 whether Catholic or schismatic. Therefore, in all my state- 

 ments I use the word Catholic as indicating the faith, and 

 Greek or Roman as indicating the rite. 



When the division of the Roman Empire into the East and 

 the West under Valentine and Valens came, Southern Italy 

 was regarded as forming a part of the Eastern Empire. Dur- 

 ing the Prankish wars and the invasion of the Goths, Southern 

 Italy remained Greek. Nay, more; during Justinian's reign 

 and long after, the Greek Eastern part of the Empire made 

 inroads upon Latin Italy. Witness the Exarchate of Ravenna 

 and the holding of the Eastern coast of Italy. It was not 

 until Leo the Isaurian, Emperor of Constantinople and the 

 Eastern Empire, openly espoused the cause of the Iconoclasts 

 and forbade the use of images or pictures in the churches in 

 726, that the northern and central Italians rallied against the 

 Greeks upon Catholic lines. The southern part, however, 

 remained Greek and semi-independent. 



When the break between Rome and Constantinople came in 

 the Great Schism between the Eastern and Western Churches, 

 the Greeks of Italy held firm to the faith professed by the 

 Roman See. Sicily at times was wavering, for some of its 

 bishops were Photians and some — perhaps the majority — 

 were Catholic. Indeed, the schism was in its beginning mainly 

 political, arising out of the fierce party strife around the 

 Imperial throne at Constantinople, but a theological basis and 

 a complete diflference of rite embodied it forever in the minds 

 of the people. In Italy, however, these bitternesses were 

 lacking. Italy indeed had passed through the devastating 

 campaigns of the Goth and the Vandal, the Lombard and the 

 Greek, and all the changes of the monarchies of the North, 

 but at its southern end the Greeks lived mainly in harmony 

 with their Latin neighbors, and so one chief incentive to 

 schism was lacking. Even in Sicily the schism rapidly died 

 out and at no time was it violently opposed to the Roman Rite 

 with which it had so long lived in unity and harmony. 



During the early period of the schism of Constantinople, 

 when the break was at its bitterest, we can cite no better 

 example than St. Nilus and St. Bartholomew of Calabria, of 



