MOSCOW 143 



Turks had captured Constantinople, the power of its patriarch 

 dwindled still more. When the Bishop of Novgorod declared 

 in 1470 for union with Rome, Philip I, Metropolitan of Mos- 

 cow, frustrated it, declaring that, for signing the union with 

 Rome at Florence, Constantinople had been punished by the 

 Turks. This hatred of Rome was fomented to such a point 

 that, rather than have one who favored Rome, a Jew named 

 Zozimas was made Metropolitan of Moscow (1490-4); as, 

 however, he openly supported his brethren, he was finally de- 

 posed as an unbeliever. Yet in 1525 the Metropolitan, Daniel, 

 had a correspondence with Pope Clement VII in regard to 

 the Florentine Union, and in 1581 the Jesuit Possevin visited 

 Ivan the Terrible and sought to have him accept the principles 

 of the Union. In 1586, after the death of Ivan, the archiman- 

 drite Job was chosen Metropolitan of Moscow by Tsar Feo- 

 dor under the advice of Boris Godunofif. Just at that time 

 Jeremias II, Patriarch of Constantinople, who was fleeing 

 from Turkish oppression, visited Russia and was received with 

 all the dignity due to his rank. In 1589 he arrived at Moscow 

 and was fittingly received by Boris Godunoff, who promised 

 to take his part against the Turks if possible, and who re- 

 quested him to create a patriarch for Moscow and Russia, so 

 that the orthodox Church might once more count its five 

 patriarchs as it had done before the break with Rome. Jere- 

 mias consented to consecrate Job as the Patriarch of Moscow 

 and all Russia, and actually made him rank as the third patri- 

 arch of the Eastern Church, preceding those of Antioch and 

 Jerusalem. This patriarchate was in fact a royal creation 

 dependent upon the Tsar, its only independence consisting of 

 freedom from the sovereignty of Constantinople. 



In 1653 the Patriarch Nikon corrected the Slavonic liturgi- 

 cal books of the Eastern Rite by a comparison with the Greek 

 originals, but many of the Russians refused to follow his re- 

 forms, thus beginning the schism of the Old Believers or Old 

 Ritualists, who still use the uncorrected books and ancient 

 practices. The Patriarchate of Moscow lasted until the reign 

 of Peter the Great (that is no years), there being ten patri- 

 archs in all. When Patriarch Adrian died, in 1700, Peter 

 abolished the office at once, and allowed the see to remain 

 vacant for twenty years. He then nominally went back to the 

 old order of things, and appointed Stephen Yavorski "Metro- 



