GREEK CATHOLICS IN AMERICA 193 



mediately after baptism, and Communion is given to the laity 

 under both forms, the consecrated species being mingled to- 

 gether in the chalice and administered to the communicant with 

 a spoon. Organs are not used in their churches, and their 

 church year follows the Julian Calendar, which is now thir- 

 teen days behind the Gregorian Calendar in use in the United 

 States and Western Europe. Besides this, the Ruthenians 

 (and the Russian Orthodox likewise) display the so-called 

 "three-armed" (or Russian) cross upon their churches and use 

 it upon their missals, prayer-books, paintings and banners, as 

 well as other objects. They make the sign of the cross in the 

 reverse direction of the Roman method, and in their religious 

 services the men and women are segregated from each other 

 upon different sides of their churches. 



It is from these people, inhabiting Galicia, Bukowina and 

 Hungary, that the Ruthenian Greek Catholic population has 

 come. Their earliest immigration to the United States began 

 in 1879, from the western portion of Galicia near the Car- 

 pathian Mountains, the so-called Lemkovschini, and then 

 spread throughout the Galician and Hungarian sides of the 

 mountains. At first it was hardly noticed, but it grew year by 

 year, the earliest immigrants coming from Grybow, Gorlice, 

 Jaslo, Neu Sandec, Krosno, and Sanok in Galicia, and from 

 Szepes, Saros, Abauj and Ung, in Hungary, until finally the 

 governmental authorities began to notice it. At the post-ofiices 

 in many of the mountain places in the Ruthenian portion of 

 Galicia it was observed that the peasants were receiving large 

 sums of money from their fathers, sons or brothers in America. 

 The news spread rapidly, the newspapers and officials taking 

 it up, and so emigration was at once stimulated to the highest 

 degree. Every year it has increased, and Ruthenian societies 

 are formed here to assist their newly-arrived brethren to find 

 employment and to give information to those at home about 

 America. It is impossible to tell exactly how many Ruthenian 

 and Slovak Greek Catholics have come to the United States, 

 because no statistics have been kept by the United States Gov- 

 ernment in regard to religious faith of immigrants, and not 

 always accurate ones in regard to race or nationality. Still 

 the immigration reports show that immigration from Austria- 

 Hungary from 1 861 to 1868 was annually in the hundreds; 

 and from 1869 to 1879 it ranged from 1,500 to 8,000 annually; 



