66 MENTAL EVOLUTION IN MAN, 



or more individual distinctions. Or, if we like, what after- 

 wards become class distinctions, are at earlier stages of 

 ideation the only distinctions ; and, therefore, all the same as 

 what are afterwards individual distinctions. But what follows } 

 Surely that — be it in the individual or the race — when these 

 originally individual distinctions begin to grow into class 

 distinctions, they leave in the mind an indelible impress of 

 their first nativity : they were the original receptsof memory ; 

 and if they are afterwards slowly differentiated as they slowly 

 become organized into many particular parts, this does not 

 hinder that throughout the process they never lose their 

 organic unity : the mind must always continue to recognize 

 that the parts which it subsequently perceived as successively, 

 unfolding from what at first was known only as a whole, are 

 parts which belong to that whole — or, in other words, that the 

 more newly observed particulars are members of what is now 

 perceived as a class. Therefore, I say, on merely a priori 

 grounds we mighty banish the gratuitous statement that the 

 lower the order of ideation the more it is concerned with 

 particular distinctions, or the less with class distinctions. The 

 truth must be that the more primitive the recepts the larger 

 are the. class distinctions with which they are concerned — 

 provided, of course, that this statement is not taken to apply 

 beyond the region of sensuous perception. 



Accordingly we find, as a matter of fact, both in infants 

 and in animals, that the lower the grade of intelligence, the 

 more is that intelligence shut up to a perception of class 

 distinctions. *' We pronounce the word Papa before a child 

 in its cradle, at the same time pointing to his father. After a 

 little, he in turn lisps the word, and we imagine that he under- 

 stands it in the same sense that we do, or that his father's 

 presence only will recall the word. Not at all. When another 

 person — that is, one similar in appearance, with a long coat, 

 a beard, and loud voice — enters the room, he calls him also 

 Papa. The name was individual ; he has made it general. 

 In our case it is applicable to one person only ; in his, to a 

 class. ... A little boy, a year old, had travelled a good deal 



