THE TRANSITION IN THE RACE. 383 



of psychology alone, that the developmental history of intel- 

 ligence in our race so far resembled this history in the growing 

 child that, prior to the advent of speech, receptual ideation 

 had attained a much higher level of perfection than it now 

 presents in any animal — so much so, indeed, that the adult 

 creature presenting it might well have merited the name of 

 Ho})io alalns. And, as we shall see in my next volume, this 

 inference on psychological grounds is corroborated by certain 

 inferences which may reasonably be drawn from some other 

 classes of facts. But in now for the present taking leave of 

 this question, I desire again to repeat, that it has nothing 

 to do with my main argument. For it makes no essential 

 difference to my case whether the faculty of speech was early 

 or late in making its first appearance. Under either alterna- 

 tive, so soon as the denotative stage of articulation had been 

 reached by our progenitors in the way already sketched on its 

 psychological side, the next stage would have consisted in an 

 extension of denotative signs into connotative signs. As we 

 have now seen, by a large accumulation of evidence, this 

 extension of denotative into connotative signs is rendered 

 inevitable through the principle of sensuous association. In 

 other words, I have adduced what can only be deemed a 

 superabundance of facts to prove that, in the first-talkino- 

 child and even in the parrot, originally denotative names of 

 particular objects are spontaneously extended to other objects 

 sensuously perceived to be like in kind. And no less super- 

 abundantly have I proved tnat this process of connotative 

 extension is antecedent to the rise of conceptual thought, 

 and, therefore, to that of true denomination. The limits to 

 which such purely receptual connotation may extend, I have 

 shown to be determined by the degree of development which 

 has been reached by the faculties of purely receptual appre- 

 hension. In the parrot this degree of development is but 

 low ; in the dog and monkey considerably higher (though, 

 unfortunately, these animals are not able to give any articu- 

 late expression to their receptual apprehensions) ; in the child 

 of two years it is higher still. But, as before shown, no anta- 



