304 NATURAL HISTORY oF Till- FARM 



galls to grow where they make ]ninetnr(s with their beaks. 

 On the new bark and on the leafy shoots, there are other 

 ai)hids feeding together in great coloni(^s, gregariously. 

 These, though minute and ineons])icuous in themselves, are 

 readily located on new shoots because of the crinkling they 

 cause the leaves to undergo. On an old neglected a])])le 

 tree, there are a])t to be many minute scale-insects scattered 

 about, adherent to the bark of the green t^^^gs. These are 

 very minute and incons]:)icuous creatures, that SLppcav life- 

 less, indeed, but they are, by reason of the persistence of their 

 attack and their very rapid rate of increase, 

 among the worst enemies of the trees. 



Of caterpillars, there is a long succession 

 and a great variety to be found on the apple 

 tree. In spring, the tent-cateri^illar spins its 

 huge webs conspicuously in the crotches 

 of the apple boughs. Though the tent-cater- 

 PiG. 131. Oyster- piU^rs wiU all be gone before midsummer 

 appie''?l-fR°"a^d and a new gro\\i:h ^^dll be replacing the leaves 



one enlarged. ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^^^^^ ^j^^-^. empty WCbS WiU Still 



be seen upon neglected trees. In their stead, two other 

 moth lar\'ae, popularly known as the yellow-necked and the 

 red-humped caterpillars, may be found devastating the 

 foliage. Other lesser cateq^illars that injure the leaves arc 

 the bud-moth caterpillar, that works in opening buds, the 

 pistil-case-bearer that gnaws out little patches from 

 the surfaces of the leaf, and the apple -leaf -miner, that 

 lives within the leaf substance, making a ti-umpet-shaped 

 blotch of a mine between upper and lower e]:)idcrmis. The 

 last two will be found by looking for s])otted leaves that 

 have their margins uninjured. 



The fruit of the apple is the place of residence for three 

 insects of the sort shown in figure 6 on page 22. The larva 

 of the codling-moth is a caterpillar that works in the core of 

 the apple. The larva of the a])ple-curculio is a weevil that 



