JUSSIEU'S SYSTEM. 101 



The pink therefore agrees with this, except that it has scales. Take 

 then the Dianthus ; calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1 leafed, with 4 or 8 

 scales at the base ; petals 5, with claws, capsule cylindrical, celled, de- 

 hiscent, or gaping. This agrees with the pink throughoiit, and it is 

 therefore of the genera or family Dianthus. Now, as to the species, 

 take a description of the species of plants and go on in like manner 

 by comparison of flowers and leaves, when it will be found caryophyl- 

 lus, which is flowers solitary, scales of the calyx sub-rhomboid, very 

 short, petals crenate, beardless. And thus the botanical description is 

 complete. For these and other terms turn to the glossary. 



The rose, lily, poppy, etc. may be analyzed in a similar manner. 



The Natural System. 



We here give a synopsis of this method of classification, and the 

 principles on which it is founded. It has been said that by this ar- 

 rangement plants are divided into two great classes based on their 

 structure and called vasculares and cellulares. The artificial system- 

 arranges plants in conformity with the number, appearance, or situation 

 of some particular organs or parts. The natural method distributes 

 them according to their natural affinities, or qualities. Many discrep- 

 ancies exist in the natural affinities of plants as classed and grouped 

 together by the artificial, or Linnean system ; and there are likewise 

 some in the natural system ; but it is thought that the natural points 

 of resemblance, affinity or relation in both forms and qualities add 

 greatly to the interest of the study of plants ; though in this arrange- 

 ment plants are necessarily divided into a very large number of families, 

 or orders. 



The 1st class, vasculares, includes all the flowering, or phenogamous 

 plants, and the 2d class, cellulares, includes all the flowerless or cryp- 

 togamous plants. These two divisions are also characterized by the 

 different modes in which they are propagated. They are, as we have 

 before noticed, distinguished by the number of the lobes or cotyledons 

 of the seed. All flowering plants being thus propagated by seeds are 

 called cotyledonous, or vasculares, while the flowerless plants are with- 

 out cotyledonous seeds, stamens, or pistils, hence are called acotyledon- 

 ous or cellulares. Plants of the 1st class have, of course internal 

 spiral vessels, or a vascular system, with more or less woody fibre and 

 with their leaves reticulated, or in parallel veins. Those of the 2d 

 class are formed, of course, entirely of cellular tissue, containing no 

 spiral vessels nor woody fibre, and their leaves are not traversed by 

 veins, as are those of the other class. Thus these two divisions, 

 though very unequal in the number of plants they embrace, are founded 

 on their anatomical structure as well as external characters. 



The class Vasculares is separated into two sub-classes, on account 



