PAPER IN ENGLAND. 103 



Coarse paper is also made of the pine tree and from several other 

 vegetable substances. The process of paper-making is generally un- 

 derstood or it may be readily seen by most of our readers. 



The manufacture of white paper was first made in England in 1690, 

 and in 1721, 300,000 reams were made, and In 1783 the value of the 

 paper made was 780,000/, and in 1830, 1,200,OOOZ. There were then 

 800 paper mills in the kingdom and 25,000 persons employed. But 

 the manufacture is loaded with an excise duty three times as much as 

 the whole wages of the working people employed ! This duty on first 

 class papers is from 25 to 30 per ct. and on the finest 200 per ct. ! Me 

 CuJloch says that one-third of the books and nineteen-twentieths of the 

 pamphlets do not pay expenses. The publisher pays the duty on every 

 book of an edition before he brings one copy into market ; and upon 

 an advertisement announcing the sale of a six-penny pamphlet, the 

 duly is as great as upon one for the sale of an estate worth 100,OOOL 

 The annual revenue from paper is over 700,OOOZ, and the paper 

 charged with duty is over 60,000 cwt. A paper maker says he is obliged 

 to give from 24 to 48 hours notice to an excise before he can move a 

 ream of paper and to keep it 24 hours afterwards, before he can send 

 it to market. Every room, vat, engine, chest and press must be num- 

 bered and every ream of paper labelled. Should one label be lost, 

 the penalty is 200/. He orders 500 labels at a time and should any 

 person steal or destroy them, the penalty is 100,000^ / This j| 

 in addition to his yearly license and all his other taxes. Such, 

 says McCulloch, is the encouragement given to literature, such the 

 facilities afforded to the diffusion of useful information by the popular 

 government of England ! " 



Paper, in its dimensions, is atlas, elephant, imperial, superroyal, 

 royal, medium, demy, crown, foolscap, pot, or letter-note, &c. Wove pa- 

 per is made in moulds ; blotting paper is made of woolen rags without 

 sizing ; pasteboard is made of many sheets pasted together ; mill 

 board, used for book covers &c., is made of coarse materials, as old 

 ropes &c. All of these are bleached, when, required, by chloride of 

 lime, solphuric acid, or a mixture of this and sea-salt. Marbled paper, 

 paper hangings, and many other kinds are now chiefly made in this 

 country. Paper is made up into sheets, quires and reams, 24 sheets 

 makina: a quire, and 20 quires a ream. 



TOBACCO, Nicotiana tabacum. C. 5.01. Soleanea, sp. 14-26. 

 A. 4 ft. This is also called the Virginia tobacco, it having been first 

 discovered there by Europeans. The generic name is from /. Nicot, 

 embas&ador from France to Portugal, who obtained the seeds from a 

 Dutchman who procured them in Florida. The name tobacco, which 

 has superseded all others is a corruption of Tobasco, a province of 

 Mexico, Tobago, or tabac, an instrument used by the natives of S. 

 America for smoking the herb. The species grown are, N. tabacum 



