28 Transactions of the State Agricultural Society. [July, 



of beino- able to reproduce in the offspring, the character of the 

 parents; whereas, in countries where no uniform breed has been 

 established, he never can be so assured of the result of coupling 

 animals together. The cattle of Calloway, though they have all 

 the characters of resemblance which constitute a distinct breed, 

 yet vary greatly in size and form, according to the fertility, natu- 

 ral or acquired, of the farms on which they are reared, showing 

 the importance of providing an increase of food for the animals, 

 when growing in bone and muscle.' — (Low's Illustrations of Do- 

 mestic Animals, p. 16.") 



Soiling: By R. L. Pell, Ulster county. 



A man of wealth may do as he pleases. He may soil or pas- 

 ture, as suits him. But soiling is regarded certainly with high 

 favor by many intelligent farmers. Soiling has its peculiar ad- 

 vantages, and there are undoubtedly many whose location makes 

 soiling the most productive mode of stock keeping. Mr. Pell 

 says, p. 293: 



" For the last four years it has been my constant practice to 

 soil, not only cows, but hogs, oxen and horses. My yards are 

 large, enclosed by stone walls, and so arranged as to collect all 

 the manure in the centre. There is a pump and trough conven- 

 ient to it, and open sheds where the animals may lie and ruminate 

 at pleasure. Three times each day, at stated hours, green crops 

 are cut and brought to them, such as clover and timothy grass, 

 green oats, green corn stalks, green buckwheat in bloom, root 

 tops, &c. Occasionally, by way of change, dry hay and straw 

 are cut up and given to them, mixed with sufficient wheat bran 

 to induce them to relish it. The stock are never permitted to 

 waste anything; that left by the cows is given to the horses, as 

 horses will eat after cows, and vice versa, cows after horses; but 

 they will not eat after each other. The leavings of the horses is 

 then fed to the hogs. The animals are enabled to consume their 

 quantum in about thirty minutes, when they immediately lie down, 

 rest, take on fat, and secrete milk. If pastured, they require many 

 hours to obtain the requisite food, besides laboring diligently, 

 which has a tendency to prevent the secretions, either of fat or 

 milk. They have but little time to ruminate; and when driven 

 to and from pasture, run wildly about the field; are whipped, 

 stoned, and chased by dogs, which causes them to become fever- 

 ish, and, as a result, contract their milk vessels. 



The Hessian Fly: By Asa Fitch, M. D. 



This important contribution to one of the most important 

 branches of agriculture, has already appeared in this journal, to 

 which it was originally communicated. It is, as is well known, 

 well illustrated by steel engravings. 



