1847.] Brandin the Cereals. 117 



(Fig. 19, q), nearest the inside lie the amyluni cells, containing 

 the starch-meal, (Fig. 19, r, s). 



a. The outer layer of the seed-skin, (Fig. 19, n), consists of two 

 layers of thick-walled poious cells, which stand with their longest 

 diameter parallel to the axis of the seed, and the walls of which 

 contain slight hollows or little canals, which in a section cut length- 

 wise and very strongly magnitied (Fig. i20, w), give to the cel- 

 lular walls a form as if they were formed of oblong figures. 



b. The second layer (Fig. 19, o) of the seed-skin, consists of 

 similar cells to those of the first layer, only the walls of the cells 

 are not so thick, and the pores, which these walls contain are 

 much more distinctly (Fig. 19, o) to be seen, than is the case in 

 the cellular walls of the first layer of the skin. But the cells of 

 this layer stand with axis of length horizontally to the axis of the 

 first cellular layer and of the seed, and therefore run as it were 

 parallel to outer surface of the seed. In a section lengthwise they 

 resemble even to the direction of the cells of the first layer of cells, 

 and are nearly as large as they are (Fig. 20. x, x). 



c. The third layer is extremely soft and somewhat confused. 

 Its cells are so small, that we can discern their hollows only in- 

 distinctly and in the form of mere streaks (Fig. 19, p). 



2. Directly under this cellular strata or of the seed-skin in 

 general, we find situated the already mentioned cells of gluten, 

 (Fig. 19, q). They are large bag-formed cells, with extremely 

 thin scarcely visible cellular walls, which are filled exclusively 

 with the gluten, a small-grained, greasy, smutty-gray substance, 

 approaching to yellow. Under these cells of gluten lie, first 



3. The albuminous bodies of the seed, which consists of large 

 six-sided prismatic cells (Fig. 19, r), the walls of which are soft, 

 clear as glass, and perfectly transparent, and the hollow space in 

 the lipeseed is filled with little grains of starch-meal, (Fig. 19, s; 

 Fig. 22). These latter are round or irregularly egg-shaped, trans- 

 parent and white, and consist of concentric layers or peels (Fig. 

 22), the outer of which often bursts or spiings open. Between 

 the grains of araylum or starch-meal are found still smaller grains 

 which consist almost wholly of starch, and must be regarded as 

 little grains of amylum. 



At the base of the seed below the little shield lies the embryo 

 plant or germ ; but as the same is scarcely ever found in the bud 

 of wheat which is afJected with brand, the consideration of 

 this here does not belong to the province of this essay, since no 

 immediate transforming influence can be referred to it. 



Jf now after the minute examination of the sound seed, we 

 compare with it the the structure of that which is afl^ected by brand, 

 we find that the diseased seed (Fig. 4), is wholly changed as well 

 in respect to its form as to its structure. It has become shorter 



