1847.] Brand in the Cereals. 121 



as injurious and unnecessary, and the more so as nearly every kind 

 of plant has parasites exclusively having their abode ia it, and 

 likewise the soil equally necessary to its development. 



Explanation of the Illustrations. 

 Plate I, fig. 1 ; an ear afiected with brand of the natm-al size. 

 Figs. 2 and 3, seed kernels affected with brand, with and without 

 anthers, of the natural size. Fig. 4, a seed kernel affected by 

 the brand, greatly magnified; a, the seed kernel with the fold 

 lengthwise; bb, anthers, which stick to the head of the same, 

 and on the pistils, c, interwoven by fungous fibres. Fig. 5, a 

 horizontal section of same greatly magnified. Fig. 6, a cell of 

 this section, with brand-spores, e, greatly magnified. Fig. 7, an 

 entire young brand-spore. Figs. 8, 9, older brand-spores, before 

 the formation of the kernel and spore-skin. Fig. 10, four ripe 

 brand-spores strongly magnified. Fig. 1 1, section of a spore very 

 greatly magnified; t, spore-skin; u, inner spore-skin; v, kernel 

 of the spore surrounded with little drops of oil. Fig. 12, a single 

 spore of this kind where the kernel of the spore v, with the inner 

 spore-skin u yet lies in the hollow space of the outer spore-skin t. 

 Fig. 13, a kernel of the spore v, represented alone with the inner 

 spore-skin u, greatly magnified. Fig. 14, a sound, ripe wheat 

 kernel, front view. Fig. 15, the same, back view, with the little 

 shield, natural size. Fig. 16, the same, greatly magnified; f, the 

 seed-kernel, with the seed-skin; k, the fold lengthwise; g, the 

 little opening; h, the head; i, the pistils. Fig. 17, horizontal 

 section of the same through the centre, and Fig. 18, slightly mag- 

 nified. ; 1, the seed skin; k, the fold; m, the albuminous bodies 

 Fig. 19 a thinner section of the wheat kernel strongly magnified; 

 n, the cellular layers of the first seed skin; o, the second; p, the 

 third or innermost seed skin; g, the cells of gluten; r, the cellular 

 tissue of the albumen with grains of starch-meal, s. Fig. 20, ex- 

 ternal view of a very delicate vertical section of the seed-skin of 

 a sound kernel of wheat strongly magnified; w, outer cellular lay- 

 er; XX, inner cellular layer of the same greatly magnified. Fig. 

 21, the outer skin of a wheat kernel affected with brand of the 

 same ear strongly magnified. Fig. 22, little grains of amylum 

 very strongly magnified. 



II. The Oat Brand. {Uredo Jlvence Corda.) 

 Plate I. Figs 23-26. 

 Almost all naturalists have confounded this species of brand 

 with the brand {flng brand) which lives on barley [Uredo Se- 

 getum, Pers.); since in common with this latter it is character- 

 ized by scattering the spores, the destruction of the buds, and a 

 certain stunting of the ears. It has its abode almost ever origi- 



