178 Brand in the Cereals. [Nov., 



represented in Fig. 3; and we can hence clearly discern the 

 structure of all the particular parts which constitute the fruit knots, 

 as well as when ripe, the seed on the outside the outer skin (seed 

 skin), (Fig. 3, a, a), formed of thick-walled cells, standing in a 

 single layer, covers the fruit knots, somewhat bending in on the 

 fold, lengthwise of the fruit knot, (Fig. 3, b); directly beneath 

 the same lies the second seed skin, which afterwards forms the 

 albumen (c, c), and which is composed of six-sided cellular tissue, 

 filled with small fine grains. In the hollow space of this, lies the 

 third seed skin (Fig. 3, d, e, f, d, e, f ), which is formed of triple 

 layers of cells, and appears to open towards the fold lengthwise 

 or to the inner side of the seed (Fig. 3, g). The first or outer- 

 most layer of the same consists of small green cells arranged in 

 double layers (Fig. 3, d, d); the second layer of clear, thick- 

 walled cells also in double layers (Fig. 3, e, e)j but the third 

 layer is formed of a single layer of large white cells almost as clear 

 as crystal (Fig. 3, f, f ). This layer directly encloses the cellular 

 tissue forming the nucleus or kernel of the germ of the plant, 

 [pflantzencie) (Fig. 3, h), and which is composed of large, some- 

 what round, yellow thin-walled cells, containing juice, and which 

 afterwards is absorbed by the formation of the embryo or germ, 

 (Fig. 3, j, i). If now we view this section of all the organs con- 

 stituting the fruit knot and seed, w^e find in it not a vestige of a 

 woody bundle. 



On examining the fruit knots which are affected by the brand, 

 (Fig. 4, 5), we can scarcely discern the form of the sound fruit 

 knots. All the organs of the flower, the calyx, leaves, petals and 

 awns have wasted away, being affected by the brand, and thereby 

 more or less luxuriantly excited; the awns, are twisted many 

 times contrary to their normal form, and often bear little brand 

 pustules in their grooves. If now we take a section of a fruit 

 knot attacked by the brand, and examine it Avith the microscope 

 (Fig. 6), we shall find the outer skin of the same remaining per- 

 fect, and the mass of brand itself of the outer skin intersected with 

 white transparent and apparently watery veins, like the while 

 veins in a black mushroom. On still further examining, by help 

 of the microscope, particular portions of such a very delicate sec- 

 tion (Fig. 7), we find as we proceed from the exterior to the in- 

 terior, the outer skin (Fig. 7, a), remaining entirely perfect and 

 formed like the outer skin of the sound fruit knot (Fig. 3, a), only 

 its cells are swelled out, and somewhat larger. Directly beneath 

 the outer skin a, we find that the veins which run through the 

 mass of brand consist of a large celled tissue filled with a juice as 

 clear as water (Fig. 7, b), which undeniably owes its origin to 

 the tissue of the albumen or the second germ-skin [eiliaut). Be- 

 tween this tissue lie balled up in compact smutty masses, the 



