1847.] Brand in the Cereals. 179 



grains of brand c, and in the midst of them we find scattered 

 woody bundles (Fig. 7, d, d), formed exactly like the woody bun- 

 dles of the haulms of the grasses, (Fig. 30, c), and like the woody 

 bundles of the grasses having their vessels towards the centre of 

 the stalk (here the former, but now metamorphosed stalky fruit 

 knot) and with thick-walled cells of the inner bark (^bartzellen), 

 but appearing to lie toward the periphery. 



This formation of new, earlier, woody bundles, not to be found 

 in the normal state, in the hollow space of the fruit knot, is a very 

 remarkable appearance, and among numerous explanations which 

 might be given for it (until fuller observations furnish a more sat- 

 isfactory method of accounting for it) I shall regard it as the pro- 

 duct of a retrograding change of the fruit knot caused by the for- 

 mation of the brand. 



The masses of spores of the barley brand (Aug brand) itself, 

 forms a disagreeably smutty black mass, varying into an olive 

 green, and the spores on being very strongly magnified are oval, 

 inclining to round bodies (Fig. 8), the clear transparent yellow- 

 brown skin of which, and the spore kernel lying loose and sepa- 

 rate, is of a beautitul green color, and under pressure appears to 

 be a tolerably compact wax -like substance. The spores are minute 

 and their diameter varies from 0.000340 to 0.000380 of a Paris 

 inch. 



This brand, like the oat brand, sheds its powder on the field 

 before the harvest, and in respect to its seeding, I would express 

 the same opinion I have done in regard to the oat brand. Like 

 all the other kinds of brand, it appears most abundantly in moist 

 cool seasons, on wet soil, and in seed which has been carelessly 

 cleaned or selected. 



Explanation of the Illustrations. 



Plate IT, Fig. 1, a young fruit knot, (or bead) of barley, slightly 

 enlarged. Fig. 2, a section of the same much magnified. Fig. 

 3, portions of the section marked by the brackets a, a, in Fig. 2, 

 greatly magnified; a, a, the outer skin; b, its bend inward on the 

 outer fold lengthwise of the fruit knot; c, c, the second seed skin 

 on the albumen; d, e, f, the third seed skin formed of three layers 

 which appear open on the side at g; h, the kernel of the plant- 

 egg with the embryo i, i. Figs. 4, 5, seed buds [bliUhen) of the 

 barley affected by the brand of the natural size, taken singly from 

 the ear; Fig. 6, section of a fruit knot of barley affected by the 

 b and, and magnified in order to show the outer skin, the white 

 veins and the black masses of brand rolled up together. Fig. 7, 

 a very delicate section of the fruit knot of barley affected by the 

 brand, strongly magnified; a, the outer skin with its almost nor- 

 mal cells only somewhat enlarged; b, the remains of the cellular 



