180 Brand in the Cereals. [Nov., 



tissue, large, slight-walled, are derived from the albumen of the 

 fruit knot, and yield no little grains of sap, but a juice clear as 

 water; c, c, the mass of the brand spores; d, d, the abnormal 

 woody bundles, lying between them which with their narrow ta- 

 pering side towards the middle of the fruit knot, contain a single 

 vessel, its woody cells small, six-sided and thick walled. Fig. 8, 

 brand spores very greatly magnified in order clearly to show the 

 spore skin and dark spore kernel. 



IV. The Stalk Brand, Stiel brand of the Grasses, Puccinia 

 graminis (Persoon). 

 Plate II. Fig. 9—11. 



It infests only the stalk and leaves of our grasses and grain, 

 and forms long, slender, dark-brown, somewhat swollen patches 

 (Fig. 9), which are surrounded lengthwise on both sides by the 

 remains of the outer skin of the stalk or leaves. These patches 

 are formed beneath the outer skin, and before they break forth they 

 appear in dark-brown shining stripes glistening through the outer 

 skin. After they have broken forth, they are conglomerate. 



If now by the help of a very sharp razor we cut off a delicate, 

 perfectly transparent section of a culm or haulm affected with the 

 stalk brand, running through a patch on the stalk brand which 

 has already broken through (Fig. 10), we can clearly see its 

 structure. 



We see on the side of the patch of stalk brand, the cells of the 

 outer skin (Fig. 10, a), separated and curled up, and also that 

 this separation of the outer skin takes place between the two 

 parallel woody bundles (b), and rarely runs out over an interven- 

 ing bundle. Directly beneath the outer skin we find the layers 

 of the parasite bearer (g, h), on which stand the spores (1). 



But here occurs a very remarkable circumstance. The stalk 

 brand is very raiely indeed a primary parasite on the plant. It 

 is usually a parasite on a parasite, and especially in the red rust 

 of the grasses ( Urcdo ruhigo vera Be Catid) ; and the layer of the 

 bearer lying immediately under the outer skin, (Fig. g, h), only 

 directly belong to it, the lowest layer lying on the cellular tissue 

 and destroying it, (g) is flaky, rough (derbe) and pale colored; it 

 forms the peculiar bearer (Hypostroma) of the fungus. Above de- 

 velopes itself a layer of cells (b), more equal in height, more perpen- 

 dicular, finer, more fibrous and simple, which naturalists call ba- 

 silar cells, and between which from some of them are formed by 

 a direct club-shaped enlargement (Fig. 10, i), the spores of the red 

 rust; which continually increase in size and finally become globu- 

 lar and of a deep orange-red (Fig. 10, k). In this mother-fungus 

 the stalk brand as it were, fixes its nidus (Fig. 10, 1). Its spores 

 likewise sprout between the basilar cells (h), and rise upward 



