INJURIOUS INSECTS. 265 



anterior edge about a third of the distance across the segment. 

 The stigmata or breathing pores, are also perceptible, and often a 

 very slender pink-red line is seen reaching backwards from each 

 pore across the segment, and a similar line running backwards 

 from each of the dorsal spots. Traces of other lines of the same 

 color are often visible upon the surface, sometimes branching and 

 anastomosing with these, like blood vessels. 



Pupa. PI. II. fig. 2. The dimensions of the pupa do not percep- 

 tibly difTer from those of the larva. The abdominal segments re- 

 tain the same orange color which they possessed in the larva state, 

 but the future head, thorax, and wings are sanguineous, red, and 

 lustrous, as though wet with blood. The embryo legs reach far 

 down upon the front, or under side of the abdomen, but are free, 

 or not connected with it, as shown in the wriggling motions made 

 by the pupa w^hen removed from its cell. In short, the whole of 

 jthe parts acquired by the change seem to be like a cap or helmet 

 idrawn over the head of the larva. 



I Galls. PI. II. fig. 7. These are formed at the tips of the twigs of 

 |5everal willows that grow to the size of shrubs and small trees. 

 They are of an oval or long-ovate form, from three-fourths of an 

 nch to an inch and a half long, and nearly three-eighths of an inch 

 n diameter at their broadest part. Externally, they are of a red, 

 fellow, or greenish-brown color, being the same as that of the 

 ^articular species of twig on which they grow. Some of the natu- 

 •al buds of the shrub often occur upon the surface of the gall, as 

 bright and vigorous as those on the unaffected branches, and fre- 

 quently one, two, or three twigs grow from its sides, appearing so 

 veil nourished and thrifty through the winter season, that we 

 hould scarcely deem they were destined to perish the coming 

 ummer, did not an inspection of the old galls, some of which may 

 requently be observed on the same shrubs, show their similar 

 hoots almost invariably withered and decaying. About three- 

 eighths of an inch of the upper end of the gall, is in all cases dry, 

 rown, and brittle, curving to a point, and appearing like a kernel 

 f ergot or spurred rye protruding from the gall, a well marked 

 Ine of separation occurring at the junction of this dead with the 

 3wer living portion. Within, the substance of the gall is of a 

 reenish white color, and a soft woody texture. A cylindrical 

 janal, the tenth of an inch in diameter, runs from the base of the 



VOL I. — NO. II. F 



