248 J^ew Publications. [April, 



particularly for the sale of milch cows, and at 2 o'clock for scnib 

 horses and asses. This day is not so large a market as Monday, 

 and embraces the cattle that were left over on the Monday's mar- 

 ket. 



" The market opens at daylight, at all seasons of the year, and 

 closes at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, at which time every thing 

 sold or unsold must be removed. The sheep and swine are en- 

 closed in pens, railed in with w^ood, and containing seldom 

 more than fifteen sheep in a pen. The cattle, as far as the ac- 

 commodations will admit, are tied, by the horns or neck, to long 

 railings, which extend on the outside of the market place, and 

 likewise down the centre of the area. Between the rows of ani- 

 mals tied to these rails and facing each other, there is a passage- 

 way; and there are, likewise, open spaces behind them and be- 

 tween them, so as to enable the purchasers to see the stock." 



We are unable to give only a fact or two in regard to markets; 

 the whole statement, however, is very interesting and important, 

 and many suggestions or considerations come up in regard to 

 improvements which might be effected by enterprising individuals 

 in our own country. 



Another subject is discussed in this part of the European Agri- 

 culture, namely, the corn duty. A great change has taken place in 

 the policy of the English government since Mr. Coleman's re- 

 marks w^ere penned. Our author, under this head, however, dis- 

 cusses the policy of tariff and free trade at some length, and gives 

 the arguments for and against duties for protection. We give 

 the arguments in Mr. C.'s own language. 



" 1. Arguments for Protection. — The protectionists, who are 

 opposed to the introduction of foreign grain, mantain that a free 

 competition in their own market by supplies from abroad would 

 so reduce the price of grain as to render its cultivation not merely 

 profitless, but ruinous; and that the result would be to throw much 

 land out of cultivation, and consequently deprive the laborer of 

 his present resources; and though the price of bread were reduced, 

 yet such would be the scarcity of employment, and the reduction 

 of his wages, that he would be without the means of paying even 

 a reduced price. 



" 2. Arguments against Protection. — The opponents of re- 

 strictions in the introduction of foreign grain maintain, on the oth- 

 er hand, that from the necessities of the case, the land will con- 

 tinue to be cultivated; that the introduction of foreign grain will 

 induce the farmer to cultivate more land, to introduce improve- 



