162 Extracts from the Journals. [July, 



during the summer months, does a north wind prevail so strong 

 as to carry the clouds unbroken over an extended space so far in 

 the interior as Erzeroom. It is only when the season advances, 

 as in October or November, and when the temperature is such as 

 to give the atmosphere a greatly decreased capacity for moisture, 

 that the cloudy, damp and stormy weather of other mountain re- 

 gions begins to prevail, and the rainy season sets in. 



Trehizond is remarkable for the equable nature of its climate as 

 to temperature, and for the predominance of moisture in the at- 

 mosphere, compared with some other places. The average daily 

 variation for the year as thus obtained being 5°, while that of 

 Beirut, the one which approximates the most, is about 65°. The 

 great moisture of the atmosphere is observed in the tendency of 

 every thing to rust, mould, or acquire dampness, even in the most 

 favorable situation, where not exposed to the direct rays of the 

 sun. The amount of rain which falls at Trehizond, and the great 

 proportion of cloudy weather are also strikir^ features compared 

 with other parts of Tuikey, and the remarks made in the preced- 

 ing paragraph will furnish obvious reasons for these peculiarities. 

 Its situation on the shore of the Black sea, hemmed in behind 

 by mountains, and having a prevalent wind from the water, either 

 in the form of a sea breeze or otherwise, are the causes referred 

 to. Only eighty -three out of two hundred and sixty-eight records 

 made in June, July, August and September, 1843, and only one 

 hundred and seventy-two out of three hundied and thirty inser- 

 tions in the register for the same months in 1844, were dear, and 

 these months, it is to be remembered, include that part of the 

 year when a clear sky and dry atmosphere most prevail at all the 

 other of our posts of observation. It has been remarked by one of 

 the observers at Trebizond, that the ordinary rules for predicting 

 changes of weather from the state of the barometer, do not seem 

 to hold true at Trebizond, but unfortunately we have no such re- 

 cords as will enable us to present the facts now alluded to. 

 Doubtless the vicinity of mountaius, and the peculiarity of the 

 winds must be the ground of the exceptions referred to; as they 

 are found likewise to effect equally strange and sudden changes in 

 temperature: for example, March 10, 1844, we have the ther- 

 mometer 7 1° at sunrise and 58° at 2 p.m. ; and Feb. 16th of the 

 same year, 48° at sunrise, 37° at 2 p.m., and 45° at 9 p.m. It may 

 be well also to remark that Trebizond jnS less affected by the si- 

 rocco than any other of the places where meteorological tables 

 have been kept. 



Constantinople. — The climate of the capital of Turkey furnishes, 

 little that is sufficiently striking to merit notice in this brief ac- 

 count. Its situation on the Bosphorus, and between the Black 

 sea and sea of Marmora renders it peculiarly exposed to northerly 



