RESPONSIVE LIFE OF ORGANISMS 493 



preserved in the weapons and defenses that man has sub- 

 stituted for fangs and claws and armor, and in the imperish- 

 able products of his hands, and its study is known as 

 archaeology. There is also the same opportunity for com- 

 parative study of developmental attainments in men and 

 animals, and for arranging genetic series and deducing his- 

 tory therefrom; for different races of men exist in very 

 different cultural stages. The study of these is called 

 ethnology. The development of the individual is of some 

 historical value also even here, for the corroborative evi- 

 dence that it ma}?^ furnish. 



Archaeology. — AVritten history goes back but a few 

 thousand years, but the records of archaeology extend back 

 hundreds of thousands of years further. The oldest exten- 

 sive series of human remains have been found in the inter- 

 glacial deposits of the ice age. These consist of man's own 

 skeleton, his tools and the charred remnants and ashes from 

 his fires. They are found mainly in caves, associated with 

 the bones of cave-dwelling animals. The extinct cave 

 bear and the mammoth were his contemporaries, the former 

 being his competitor for such shelter as caves afforded. His 

 tools at this period were few, and of the simplest sort; 

 chipped flints, a club, a sharpened bone, etc. 



The objects of his home environment were such as be- 

 strew the lair of the wild beast in similar situations — chiefly 

 the remains of his feasts, the most imperishable things 

 being the bones of his victims. Among these arc found 

 human bones, split ingeniously for the ready extraction of 

 the marrow — a choice morsel of his diet. It is not an attrac- 

 tive picture of the life he lived that these facts suggest. It 

 differed from that of the cave dwelling beasts chiefly in the 

 use he made of tools and of fire. There is a faint promise of 

 his later attainments in the marks of scanty workmanship 

 found upon his tools. 



