502 GENERAL BIOLOGY 



of defence against other nations. For, in the beginning the 

 savage characteristics of their constituent tribes were 

 passed on to the new formed nation. Nations initiate wars to 

 annihilate other nations. Most of the migrations of the 

 human race have been migrations of conquest. Hence, the 

 earUer civihzations of the earth could onl}^ grow where a 

 nation could exist in comparative isolation. Such places 

 were the desert-bordered valley of the Nile in Egypt, the 

 mountain-fringed table lands of Mexico and Peru, etc. 

 They did not grow in the earth's exposed areas, such as the 

 Mississippi Valley, although the works of the mound-build- 

 ers show that great constructive efforts once started there. 

 There was security only in isolation until the growth of a 

 broader sympathy and the dawn of a miore constructive 

 social spirit. 



Socially, primitive man was unspecialized. Aside from 

 differences of the sexes, there was nothing preformed in his 

 bodily organization determining what should be his rela- 

 tions to other individuals of his kind. There was no pre- 

 formed division of labor as in bees; there were no castes, as 

 in the ants and the termites. He came into possession of no 

 particular modes of social activity by inheritance. If he 

 attained to social co-operation he had to acquire it for him- 

 self. But he possessed speech; and speech wondrously 

 facilitated cooperation and the exchange of experience and 

 the comparison of old ways and the development of new 

 ones, and conditioned further development. And he pos- 

 sessed laughter — a fountain of social responsiveness, and a 

 means of extending sympathy and developing comradeship 

 surpassing speech. And the primary demand of social 

 progress is sympathy, and good will toward men. 



Animism. Animals live in a world of sense perception, 

 but man has always lived to a greater or less extent, in a 

 super-sensual world — a world of ideas. In language man 



