5o8 GENERAL BIOLOGY 



Differentiation occurred in strict accordance with the 

 physical needs of men, which are the same as those of ani- 

 mals — needs of food and shelter and defense against enemies. 

 Hence the earliest of callings are those of hunter and fisher- 

 men, soldier and scout, shepherd and husbandman, build- 

 er and weaver, etc. Precise fitness of any of these callings 

 involved loss of fitness for the others, and made the special- 

 ist in one more or less dependent on all the others for that 

 part of his living that he could not so well provide for him- 

 self. The primary condition of social integration is mutual 

 dependence. 



Social stability demands coordination. The parts 

 must function harmoniously, so that the actions of any 

 or of all shall be made subservient to the welfare of all. 

 This demands i) intercommunication between parts, and 2) 

 the development of centers of control. Intercommunica- 

 tion is primarily needed for exchange of products. There- 

 fore, as the physical organism develops circulatory appara- 

 tus, so the social organism develops channels of trade. Are 

 they not popularly characterized as "arteries of commerce" ? 

 Means of sensory communication are next needed ; and as the 

 physical organism develops nerves so the social organisms 

 develops postal and telegraphic lines. And do we not hear 

 these fitly spoken of as "nerves of intelligence"? Control 

 centers in the physical organism arise, as we have seen, where 

 nerve cells are gathered together to form ganglia; and 

 similarly in a nation they develop just as naturally wherever 

 those individuals live who assume the function of coor- 

 dinating and directing the activities of the whole body poli- 

 tic, (councils, directorates, congresses etc.). And are not 

 these also with some propriety often called "centers of 

 trade, of culture, or of government"? 



When organization has proceeded to the point of establish- 

 ing control centers its efficiency depends on the concurrent 



