CHAPTER VIII. 

 STARVATION. 



MOST of the evidence offered up to this point in connexion with protein 

 anabolism and catabolism has been drawn from experiments on feeding 

 with individual amino acids, mixtures of these acids, single foodstuffs, or 

 combinations of foodstuffs. But evidence of great value, particularly 

 as regards the catabolism of protein, has been obtained by the investiga- 

 tion of the products excreted in the urine during complete or partial 

 fasting. The value of this evidence has steadily increased, especially 

 since the appearance of the work of Folin. 



Output of Total Nitrogen. 



Starvation experiments have been carried out both on men and on 

 animals. In the case of the men the majority of the fasters have been 

 professional " Hungerkiinstler ". The metabolism of the best known 

 of these " Hungerkiinstler," Succi, has been investigated at least five 

 times, by Luciani (266), Lo Monaco (288), Daiber (105), E. and O. 

 Freund (142) and finally by Brugsch (76). Lehmann, Miiller, Munk. 

 Senator and Zuntz (249) studied Cetti and Breithaupt. Hooven and 

 Sollmann (202) have investigated the metabolism of inanition in a man 

 during hypnotic sleep. Complete studies of fasting metabolism with 

 special reference to the nitrogenous waste products, in which the fasting 

 period was proceeded by a period of feeding on a definite diet, have 

 been carried out on the professional faster, Beaute", by myself (89), 

 and on two non-professional fasters (university demonstrators) by 

 Hawk and his pupils (173). Studies on fasting women have been 

 carried out by Van Hoogenhuyze and Verploegh (201), Bonniger and 

 Mohr (66), and by Benedict and Diefendorf (60). Benedict has pub- 

 lished from the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory (58), a very large volume 

 on metabolism during inanition but it is mainly concerned with the 

 energy output and carbon metabolism. 



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