APPENDIX. 489 



aceous trees. It exudes from the tree in a liquid form, and 

 gradually becomes hard and dark with age. When fresh, it 

 makes an excellent varnish. Dr. Williams says : "There is a 

 hard sort, found in big lumps under the trees, or on their 

 trunks, in large quantities. It is mixed with a softer kind to 

 make it less brittle. It is brought to China in native vessels." 

 This is of a reddish yellow color, friable, and of a waxy luster. 

 It is possible that it is sometimes confounded with dammar^ 

 and therefore goes by the name of Pfi Bi| ?fe (Pa-ma-yu). If 

 so, it is used for caulking ships. No other use is given. 



GUM ELEMI.— ;j^ ^ (Lan-hsiang). This is the product of 

 Canainiim commune. While it is probably the same as Manila 

 elemi^ it is not so clear as the latter, and is described in the 

 P^ntsao as a black, glue-like substance. It is used for caulking 

 boats. See Canariiim and Dammar. 



GUM LAC— ^ ^\ (Tzu-k'uang), ^, ^ (Ch'ih-chiao), 

 ^ ^H (Tzu-keng). This is produced by the Coccus lacca on 

 a species of Erythrina. It is given in the Pcntsao under insect 

 products, and will not be further mentioned here. 



HERMODACTYL.— ^ # (Pei-mu). See Fritillaria. 



ILLICIUM RELIGIOSUM.— ^ •% (Mang-ts'ao). The 

 first character is also wrongly written ^* (Mang); but this is 

 Erianthus japoniais. Another name is ^ ^ (Mang-ts'ao), 

 and still another || ^ (Shu-mang). This is a poisonous plant, 

 producing unconsciousness in those who eat the leaves, and 

 these are said to be used to destroy rats. There is considerable 

 confusion in regard to the plant, some writers considering it an 

 herb, while others say it is a tree or shrub. The leaves are 

 the part used. They are employed as a counter-poison, 

 anthelmintic, parasiticide, and anodyne. The decoction should 

 not enter the eye, but the reason for this caution is not stated. 



IPOMCEA HEDERACEA.— ^ ^ ^ (Ch'ien-niu-tztT). 

 This is the same as Pharbitis hederacea. In Japan the Chinese 

 term is applied to Convolvulus vulgafis. Another name is ^ 

 5; (Hei-ch'ou), 289, on account of the color of the seeds. The 



