THINGS DENOTED BY NAMES. 61 



a very comprehensive view of the nature of Relation 

 which could exclude action, passivity, and local situa- 

 tion from that category. The same observation 

 applies to the categories Quando (or position in time) , 

 and Ubi (or position in space) ; while the distinction 

 between the latter and Situs is merely verbal. The 

 incongruity of erecting into a summum genus the class 

 which forms the tenth category is manifest. On the 

 other hand, the enumeration takes no notice of any- 

 thing besides substances and attributes. In what 

 category are we to place sensations, or any other feel- 

 ings, and states of mind ; as hope, joy, fear ; sound, 

 smell, taste ; pain, pleasure ; thought, judgment, con- 

 ception, and the like ? Probably all these would have 

 been placed by the Aristotelian school in the catego- 

 ries of actio and passio ; and the relation of such of 

 them as are active, to their objects, and of such of 

 them as are passive, to their causes, would rightly be 

 so placed ; but the things themselves, the feelings or 

 states of mind, wrongly. Feelings, or states of con- 

 sciousness, are assuredly to be counted among reali- 

 ties, but they cannot be reckoned either among sub- 

 stances or attributes. 



2. Before recommencing, under better auspices, 

 the attempt made with such imperfect success by the 

 great founder of the science of logic, we must take 

 notice of an unfortunate ambiguity in all the concrete 

 names which correspond to the most general of all 

 abstract terms, the word Existence. When we have 

 occasion for a name which shall be capable of de- 

 noting whatever exists, as contradistinguished from 

 non-entity or Nothing, there is hardly a word appli- 

 cable to the purpose which is not also, and even more 

 familiarly, taken in a sense in which it denotes only 



