PROPOSITIONS. 1 13 



All men are mortal Universal. 



Some men are mortal Particular. 



Man is mortal ? Indefinite, 



Julius Coesar is mortal Singular. 

 The proposition is Singular, when the subject is 

 an individual name. The individual name needs not 

 be a proper name. " The Founder of Christianity 

 was crucified," is as much a singular proposition as 

 " Christ was crucified." 



When the name, which is the subject of the 

 proposition, is a general name, we may intend to 

 affirm or deny the predicate, either of all the things 

 that the subject denotes, or only of some. When the 

 predicate is affirmed or denied of all and each of the 

 things denoted by the subject, the proposition is uni* 

 versal ; when of some non-assignable portion of them 

 only, it is particular. Thus, All men are mortal ; Every 

 man is mortal ; are universal propositions. No man 

 is immortal, is also an universal proposition, since the 

 predicate, immortal, is denied of each and every 

 individual denoted by the term man ; the negative 

 proposition being exactly equivalent to the following, 

 Every man is not-immortal. But " some men are 

 wise," " some men are not wise," are particular 

 propositions ; the predicate wise being in the one case 

 affirmed and in the other denied not of each and 

 every individual denoted by the term man, but only 

 of each and every one of some portion of those indi- 

 viduals, without specifying what portion ; for if this 

 were specified, the proposition would be changed 

 either into a singular proposition, or into an universal 

 proposition with a different subject ; as, for instance, 

 " all instructed men are wise." There are other forms 

 of particular propositions : as, "Most men are incapable 

 of self-government:" it being immaterial how large a 



VOL. I. I 



