CLASSIFICATION AND THE PREDICABLES. 173 



common to the class man, a portion only, and of 

 course a very small portion,, are connoted by its name: 

 these few, however, will naturally have been thus 

 distinguished from the rest either for their greater 

 obviousness, or for greater supposed importance. 

 These properties, then, which were connoted by the 

 name, logicians seized upon, and called them the 

 essence of the species ; and not stopping there, they 

 affirmed them, in the case of the infima species, to be 

 the essence of the individual too; .for it was their 

 maxim, that the species contained the " whole essence" 

 of the thing. Metaphysics, that fertile field of 

 delusion propagated by language, does not afford a 

 more signal instance of such delusion. On this 

 account it was that rationality, being connoted by the 

 name man, was allowed to be a differentia of the class ; 

 but the peculiarity of cooking their food, not being 

 connoted, was relegated to the class of accidental 

 properties. 



The distinction, therefore, between Differentia, 

 Proprium, and Accidens, is not founded in the nature 

 of things,, but in the connotation of names ; and we 

 must seek it there if we wish to find what it is. 



From the fact that the genus includes the species, 

 in other words, denotes more than the species, or is 

 predicable of a greater number of individuals, it 

 follows that the species must connote more than the 

 genus. It must connote all the attributes which the 

 genus connotes, or there would be nothing to prevent 

 it from denoting individuals not included in the 

 genus. And it must connote something besides, 

 otherwise it would include the whole genus. Animal 

 denotes all the individuals denoted by man, and many 

 more. Man, therefore, must connote all that animal 

 connotes, otherwise there might be men who were 



