FALLACIES OF GENERALIZATION. 411 



est, et ex his tantummodo quce prcesto sunt pronunciat. 

 At Inductio quge ad inventionem et demonstrationern 

 Scientiarum et Artium erit utilis, Naturam separare 

 debet, per rejectiones et exclusiones debitas ; ac deinde 

 post negativas tot quot sufficiunt, super affirmativas 

 concludere." 



I have already said that the mode of Simple Enu- 

 meration is still the common and received method of 

 Induction in whatever relates to man and society. Of 

 this a very few instances, more by way of memento 

 than of instruction, may suffice. What, for example, 

 is to be thought of all the " common-sense" maxims 

 for which the following may serve as the universal 

 formula : " Whatsoever has never been, will never be." 

 As for example : negroes have never been as civilized 

 as whites sometimes are, therefore it is impossible they 

 should be so. Women., as a class, have not hitherto 

 equalled men as a class in intellectual energy and com- 

 prehensiveness, therefore they are necessarily inferior. 

 Society cannot prosper without this or the other insti- 

 tution ; e. g., in Aristotle's time, without slavery; in 

 later times, without an established priesthood, without 

 artificial distinctions of ranks, &c. One working man 

 in a thousand, educated, while the nine hundred and 

 ninety-nine remain uneducated, has usually aimed at 

 raising himself out of his class, therefore education 

 makes people dissatisfied with their condition in life. 

 Bookish men, taken from speculative pursuits and set 

 to work on something they know nothing about, have 

 generally been found or thought to do it ill ; therefore 

 philosophers are unfit for business, &c., &c. All 

 these are inductions by simple enumeration. Reasons 

 having some reference to the canons of scientific 

 investigation may have been given or attempted to be 

 given for several of these propositions ; but to the 



