426 FALLACIES. 



incontentse sint ; illucl non continue, ut seque incon- 

 tentse." The Stoic resumes : " Ut enim, inquit, 

 gubernator seque peccat, si paleamm navem evertit, et 

 si auri ; item seque peccat qui parentem, et qui servum, 

 injuria verberat ;" assuming, that because the magni- 

 tude of the interest at stake makes no difference in 

 the mere defect of skill, it can make none in the 

 moral defect : a false analogy. Again, " Quis igno- 

 rat, si plures ex alto emergere velint, propius fore eos 

 quidem ad respirandum, qui ad summam jam aquam 

 appropinquant, sed nihilo magis respirare posse, quam 

 eos, qui sunt in prof undo ? Nihil ergo adjuvat pro- 

 cedere, et progredi in virtute, quominus miserrimus 

 sit, antequam ad earn pervenerit, quoniam in aqua 

 nihil adjuvat : et quoniam catuli, qui jam despecturi 

 sunt, cseci seque, et ii qui modo nati ; Platonem 

 quoque necesse est, quoniam nondum videbat sapien- 

 tiam, seque caecum animo, ac Phalarim fuisse." 

 Cicero, in his own person, combats these false analo- 

 gies by other analogies tending to an opposite con- 

 clusion. " Ista similia non sunt, Cato : . . . . Ilia 

 sunt similia ; hebes acies est euipiam oculorum : cor- 

 pore alius languescit : hi curatione adhibita levantur 

 in dies: alter valet plus quotidie : alter videt. Hi 

 similes sunt omnibus, qui virtuti student ; levantur 

 vitiis, levantur erroribus." 



7. In these and all other arguments drawn from 

 remote analogies, and from metaphors, which are 

 cases of analogy, it is apparent (especially when we 

 consider the extreme facility of raising up contrary 

 analogies and conflicting metaphors,) that so far from 

 the metaphor or analogy proving anything, the appli- 

 cability of the metaphor is the very thing to be made 

 out. It has to be shown that in the two cases asserted 



