ETHOLOGY. 527 



taining the empirical laws of those phenomena ; so as 

 to compare the results of deduction, not with one 

 individual instance after another, but with general pro- 

 positions expressive of the points of agreement which 

 have been found among many instances. For if 

 Newton had been obliged to verify the theory of 

 gravitation, not by deducing from it Kepler's laws, 

 but by deducing all the observed planetary positions 

 which had served Kepler to establish those laws, the 

 Newtonian theory would probably never have emerged 

 from the state of an hypothesis. 



The applicability of these remarks to the special 

 case under consideration, cannot admit of question. 

 The science of the formation of character is a science 

 of causes. The subject is one to which those among 

 the canons of induction, by which laws of causation 

 are ascertained, can be rigorously applied. It is, 

 therefore, both natural and advisable to ascertain the 

 simplest, which are necessarily the most general, laws 

 of causation first, and to deduce the middle principles 

 from them. In other words, Ethology, the deductive 

 science, is a system of corollaries from Psychology, the 

 experimental science. 



6. Of these, the earlier alone has been, as yet, really 

 conceived or studied as a science: the other, Ethology, 

 is still to be created. But all things are prepared for 

 its creation. The empirical laws, destined to verify 

 its deductions, have been afforded in abundance by 

 every successive age of humanity ; and the premisses 

 for the deductions are now sufficiently complete. 

 Excepting the degree of uncertainty which still exists 

 as to the extent of the natural differences of human 

 minds, and the physical circumstances on which these 

 may be dependent, (considerations which are of secon- 



