604 LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES. 



tries; England, France, and, in proportion to their 

 territory and resources, Holland and Switzerland ; 

 while England in her connexion with Ireland, is one 

 of the most signal examples of the consequences of its 

 absence. Every Italian knows why Italy is under a 

 foreign yoke; every German knows what maintains 

 despotism in the Austrian empire; the evils of Spain 

 flow as much from the absence of nationality among 

 the Spaniards themselves, as from the presence of it 

 in their relations with foreigners; while the com- 

 pletes t illustration of all is afforded by the republics 

 of South America, where the parts of one and the 

 same state adhere so slightly together, that no sooner 

 does any province think itself aggrieved by the 

 general government than it proclaims itself a separate 

 nation." 



6. While the derivative laws of social statics are 

 ascertained by analyzing different states of society, 

 and comparing them with one another, without regard 

 to the order of their succession ; the consideration of 

 the successive order is, on the contrary, predominant 

 in the study of social dynamics, of which the aim is 

 to observe and explain the sequences of social condi- 

 tions. This branch of the social science would be 

 as complete as it can be made, if every one of the 

 leading general circumstances of each generation were 

 traced to its causes in the generation immediately 

 preceding. But the consensus is so complete (espe- 

 cially in modern history), that in the filiation of one 

 generation and another, it is the whole which produces 

 the whole, rather than any part a part. Little pro- 

 gress therefore can be made in establishing the filia- 

 tion, directly from laws of human nature, without 

 having first ascertained the immediate or derivative 



