FARM IMPLEMENTS. 109 



CHAPTER IV. 



FARM IMPLEMENTS USED IN CULTIVATION 

 AND HARVESTING. 



THE implements in use, or suitable for use, in Egyptian 

 agriculture may be considered under the following heads: 



1. Ploughs. 



2. Cultivators, Harrows, Horse Hoes. 



o. Sowing Machines, Seed Drills, Manure Distri- 

 butors. 



4. Rollers, QrosskUls, Norwegian Harrows, Zahafa, 



Baitana. 



5. Kassabia or Scraper, Lowatah. 



6. Harvesting Machinery: Hooks, Scythes, Reaper 



and Binder, Mowing Machine, Horse and Hand 

 Rakes. 



7. Thrashing Machines, Nbrags. 



8. Grain-cleaning and Winnowing Machines. 



9. Hand Implements. 

 10. Various. 



The majority of the implement* in present use in con- 

 nection with Egyptian agriculture are of a decidedly 

 primitive nature, and they appear to have been used, 

 practically in their present form, from a very remote 

 period. Egypt has certainly, up to the present, been 

 1 jack ward in the introduction of improved agricultural 

 machinery. There are two main causes of this backwardness. 

 Firstly : we have the aversion of the Egyptian fellah to 



