IMPLEMENTS. 131 



and the open or front part is shod with iron the more 

 readily to scrape the earth and collect it. When drawn 

 forward by a pair of oxen, the kassabia becomes more or 

 less full, the contents being gradually discharged by tilting 

 the handles, when the lower land is reached. Kassabias 

 made of iron and fitted with wheels have been recently 

 introduced into this country, but on practical trial they 

 have been found cumbersome to handle and they do not 

 discharge their contents in a satisfactory manner. Heavy 

 scrapers of large capacity are being used for levelling in 

 the basins of Upper Egypt. The land is previously 

 prepared by steam ploughs and the kassabias are hauled 

 by steam engines. 



The Lowatah is used for levelling when the plot of land 

 is practically under water. A plank of wood to which is 



