local effect is the only one ever sought. Astringents and antiseptics are 

 administered to the urethra and bladder in the form of douches whose 

 solvent 'is some bland fluid, usually water or Oil. Suppositories for the 

 urethra are known as Bougies. The antiseptics mentioned above for the 

 vagina are very commonly employed here also. 



As the bulk of fluid necessary for a douche is very often a large one it is 

 a common expedient of prescribers to order for their patient either powders 

 or concentrated solutions to which large quantities of water such as can be 

 readily measured in the household, pints or quarts, are to be added as 

 needed. 



For application to the Conjunctiva. This is the most delicate of 

 all the mucous surfaces and in consequence as Collyria only weak solutions 

 of astringents and antiseptics may be employed and usually the weaker 

 members of these series are chosen, Sulphate of Zinc 1-250, Silver Ni- 

 trate 1-200-500, Argyrol and other colloidal preparations of Silver may be 

 used in stronger solutions up to 5%, Boracic Acid and Borax in 2% so- 

 lutions. Solutions of these salts are frequently made with Camphor 

 Water as a vehicle. 



In order to produce their local effects after absorption, the Mydriatics 

 and Miotics may be prescribed, as the Lamellae or more usually in solution, 

 Atropine in 1%, Cocaine in 5%, Physostigmine in K%. Homatropine 

 in 2%, Pilocarpine in ^2-1%, Ethylmorphine in 1%. 



All solutions especially if they contain inorganic salts should be care- 

 fully filtered so as to make certain that they are free from gritty particles 

 of dirt, which would irritate the sensitive mucous surface. 



Drugs may also be applied to the Conjunctiva in solution in oil or in 

 the form of an ointment; such bases must be bland, free from fatty acids 

 and from insoluble particles. Liquid and yellow (not white) Soft Paraffin, 

 conform best to these requirements. 



For application to the mouth and Respiratory Passages. Anti- 

 septic and astringent solutions are frequently given in the form of douches, 

 gargles (Gargarismata), mouth washes (Collutoria). The chief anti- 

 septics used are Boracic Acid, Borax, Potassium Chlorate, all in about 4% 

 solution, Eucalyptol and Thymol. Of the astringents the Liquor or 

 Tincture of Ferric Chloride 2-3%, Tannic Acid 1-2%, Tincture of Kino 2% 

 Alum 1%, Potassium Permanganate 1-1000, are frequently used prepar- 

 ations. Antiseptics or astringents are often applied by means of a swab 

 and in this case stronger solutions may be used, e.g. Silver Nitrate >-l-2%. 



The Larynx and upper parts of the Nose can also be reached by means 

 of douches. For the nose the solution should be a bland one if a thorough 

 application is to be hoped for. A saline solution of the concentration of 

 normal saline which contains as well mild antiseptics such as Thymol and 

 Eucalyptol or a solution of one of the colloidal silver preparations are very- 

 popular. Such solutions may be very well applied by means of an ato- 

 mizer. Solutions for use in an atomizer are very frequently made with 

 Liquid Paraffin as a solvent. 



Ill 



