78 APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY FOR NURSES 



sion is then diluted so that each cubic centimeter will 

 contain exactly a certain number of million bacteria, 

 after which it is read}' for injection. Such a suspension is 

 spoken of as a "bacterial vaccine." The doses of the 

 different vaccines vary. In the case of staphylococcus 

 ^•accine the ordinary dose is from 250,000,000 to 500,000,- 

 000. Gonococci are usually given in much smaller doses, 

 namely, from 15,000,000 to 50,000,000. The dose of 

 typhoid vaccine is from 500,000,000 to 1,000,000,000. 

 The vaccines are usually given in several doses, injections 

 being made from five days to a week apart. 



Lipo-vaccines. — A lipo-vaccine is one in which the 

 bacteria are suspended not in saline solution, but in an 

 oil. By this means absorption is made slower, there is 

 less reaction, and massive doses can be giAen at one in- 

 jection. Such a lipo-vaccine was first devised by French 

 scientists for triple vaccine (typhoid, paratyphoid a, 

 and paratyphoid b) and has since been adapted by the 

 U. S. Army medical authorities to a wide variety of 

 vaccines. 



At the present time treatment either by specific sera 

 or by bacterial or other vaccines is employed in — 



Diphtheria. — Antitoxic serum therapeutically. Serum 

 or toxin injections for immunization. 



Tetanus. — Antitoxic serum, both therapeutically and 

 for immunization. 



Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis. — Specific serum 

 therapeutically. Vaccines have been used for immuniza- 

 tion. 



Typhoid Fever. — Vaccines for immunization. Neither 

 serum nor vaccines of use therapeutically. 



Cholera. — Specific serum has been used therapeutically; 

 results indifferent. A^iccines used for immunization. 



