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producing their new caudexcs along the bark, 

 will become leaf-buds, which might otherwise 

 have been flower-buds;, and on the contrary, 

 if a vigorous branch of a wall tree, which was 

 expected to bear only leaf-buds, be bent down 

 to the horizon or lower, it will bear flower-buds 

 with weaker leaf-buds." In explanation of 

 this interesting fact, it is added, that both the 

 flower-buds and leaf-buds perish in the autumn ; 

 but the latter as they advance afford other leaf-buds 

 or flower-buds in the summer, m the axilla of the 

 different leaves, which new buds require new 

 caudexes extending down the bark, and in this 

 way thicken as well as lengthen the branch; 

 while the flower-buds shed their seed, and are 

 afterwards destroyed in the autumn, not re- 

 quiring any place on the bark for new caudexes. 

 Of course, on the summit of a branch being cut 

 off, the buds near the end of the stem that is 

 left produce new leaf-buds with more facility, 

 as there is more room for their new caudexes 

 to be generated along the descending bark. 

 But if a vigorous branch be bent down to the 

 horizon or below it, the bark is compressed 

 beneath the curve, and extended above it ; and 

 thus the production of new caudexes along the 

 bark is impeded, and in consequence less leaf- 

 buds and more flower-buds will be generated, 

 or the former converted into the latter, which 

 require no new caudexes. On this circumstance, 

 it is conceived, the management of wall-fruit 

 trees and espaliers in a great measure depends. 



With the intention of converting leaf-buds 

 into flower-buds, it has been suggested by some, 

 that the more vigorous shoots, and even large 

 roots, should be bound round with wire; and by 

 others, that of cutting or scoring the bark round 

 the body gi the tree with a sharp knife in 

 the manner of a screw. Others have produced 

 flowers and fruit on standard and wall trees, by 

 removing a cylinder of bark three or four inches 

 in length, and replacing it by some sort of 

 bandage. And a similar effect has been pro- 

 duced by a straight bandage put round a branch. 

 It is supposed also, on the same principle, that 

 from the pressure afforded by the callus of 

 an ingrafted branch of a tree on the part, it bears 

 better. 



At the period when the new buds become 

 evident in the bosom of each leaf, as about 

 midsummer, it has been remarked that a sort of 

 stand takes place in vegetation for a short time, 

 which has been attempted to be explained in 

 different ways. Doctor Darwin, however, 

 suspects that at this period the reservoir of 

 nourishment for the support of the new buds 

 is forming about the roots or in the albur- 

 num of the tree, as well as the caudexes 



down the bark and vessels destined to convey it 

 to the new buds, which terminate in it. 



On account of the roots of trees being pro- 

 truded in a more vigorous manner at this than 

 other periods, it has been preferred by Mr. 

 Bradley, as the best adapted to the transplant- 

 ing of trees when not removed to anv great di- 

 stance, as the new shoots in the ensuing spring 

 will be sent forth with much greater force, and 

 the tree of course be nearly a year forwarder ii> 

 its growth, than if it be performed in febe 

 winter. This Doctor Darwin supposes to be 

 owing to much of the nutritious material de- 

 posited in the roots for the support of the new 

 buds, being destroyed in the operation, which- 

 is only capable of being restored at or about 

 that period. 



The first of these writers has advised, that in 

 performing this business at the above period, 

 none of the top, or branches, or foliage, should 

 then be cut off. The propriety of this Doctor 

 Darwin supports, by observing that, as it is 

 from the vegetable juice oxygenated in its expo- 

 sure to the air, " through the thin moist pellicle 

 on the upper smooth surface of these leaves, that 

 the nutriment for the expansion of the buds in the 

 succeeding spring is secreted orproduced," itfol- 

 lows that " if these leaves are prematurely de- 

 stroyed, the vernal growth of the buds must receive 

 injury, as the reservoir of future nutriment for 

 them will be less in quantity: but if some of 

 the branches are lopped during the winter, the 

 remainder will protrude more vigorous shoots, 

 as their share of the reserved nutriment will be 

 greater." It is supposed that the vessels de- 

 stined for the support of the new buds of deci- 

 duous trees, are analogous to those that per- 

 meate the lobes of the seed, being extended 

 downwards in the bark towards midsummer, 

 terminating in certain reservoirs of nutriment 

 secreted at this time from the vegetable juice 

 oxygenated in the leaves. This bark, it is ob- 

 served by the above writer, " now consists of 

 an intertexture of the caudexes of the present 

 leaves, which were buds in the last summer, 

 and are now adult vegetables ; and of the em- 

 bryon caudexes of the new buds, as well as of 

 the vessels destined for conveying the sup- 

 port of the new buds : it will during the autumn 

 or following spring become alburnum, and by 

 degrees be covered over with a new bark con- 

 stituted of the mature caudexes of the new 

 buds; whilst that which formed the alburnum 

 in the preceding " becomes a circle of lifeless 

 timber, interior to the circle of alburnum." It 

 is likewise conceived that the vessels of this new 

 bark, notwithstanding they are constituted " of 

 the caudexes of the individual adult leaves, and 



